Questõesde CESMAC 2018 sobre Inglês

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CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Read the graph below and answer the following question.


Imagem.0001.png (324×238)


According to the graph above we can assert that

A
human beings’ life expectancy has tripled since 1850.
B
we now live much longer than we used to a century ago.
C
people nowadays live a much happier life than before.
D
life expectancy has plunged in the last 150 years or so.
E
many more people have been born in the last century.
b2153cec-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Read the graph below and answer the following question.



According to the graph above it is true to assert that

A
equal wages prevail among medical doctors in any specialty.
B
male hematologists have higher wages than female surgeons.
C
some medical specialties make more money than others.
D
female doctors make as much money as their male counterparts.
E
surgeons rank the lowest when it comes to wage earnings.
b211c3c7-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The pernicious effects of social media

Read the text below and answer the following question.

Is it time you went on a social media detox?

    In today's world, social media is central to our lives. It helps us to stay in touch with our friends, promote our work, and follow the latest news. How do these networks impact our mental and physical health?
    A number of studies have linked social media use with increased levels of depression, anxiety, and isolation.
    Social media lovers have twice the risk of depression, compared with their less enthusiastic peers.
    Research has revealed that younger and older users alike are in danger of breaking under the pressure of unachievable standards of beauty and success.
    Among young adult users, social media notably increases the incidence of anxiety and depression, according to the results of a sizeable study conducted in 2016.
  In fact, the researchers saw that users who frequently checked their accounts had a more than twice as high a risk of depression than their less social media-oriented peers.
    This may partly be due to the fact that social networks create an artificial need to be available 24/7, to respond to messages and emoji reactions instantly. But this attitude creates an unnecessary amount of low-key stress that takes its toll on our emotional well-being.
    And, despite the fact that such platforms are supposed to enhance our sense of connectedness with other people, research has found that they actually have the opposite effect: they render dedicated users lonelier and more isolated.
     However, this shouldn't really surprise us. The hyperconnectedness takes place at a superficial level, eliminating all of the extra elements that make communication more valuable and psychologically constructive.
   Such elements include eye contact, body language, the possibility of listening for changes in our interlocutor's tone of voice, or the possibility of physical touch.
    An over-active social media presence can leave its mark not just on our mental health, but also on our physical health — particularly by altering our sleep patterns.
   Lastly, researchers have proven that our commitment to social media platforms can negatively affect our commitment to our own creative and professional lives in complex ways.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321498.php?sr> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.
A
can be felt exclusively psychologically.
B
can be felt exclusively physically.
C
can be felt both mentally and physically.
D
cannot be felt in one’s professional life.
E
will not alter one’s sleeping pattern at all.
b20e7335-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Not so enthusiastic social media users

Read the text below and answer the following question.

Is it time you went on a social media detox?

    In today's world, social media is central to our lives. It helps us to stay in touch with our friends, promote our work, and follow the latest news. How do these networks impact our mental and physical health?
    A number of studies have linked social media use with increased levels of depression, anxiety, and isolation.
    Social media lovers have twice the risk of depression, compared with their less enthusiastic peers.
    Research has revealed that younger and older users alike are in danger of breaking under the pressure of unachievable standards of beauty and success.
    Among young adult users, social media notably increases the incidence of anxiety and depression, according to the results of a sizeable study conducted in 2016.
  In fact, the researchers saw that users who frequently checked their accounts had a more than twice as high a risk of depression than their less social media-oriented peers.
    This may partly be due to the fact that social networks create an artificial need to be available 24/7, to respond to messages and emoji reactions instantly. But this attitude creates an unnecessary amount of low-key stress that takes its toll on our emotional well-being.
    And, despite the fact that such platforms are supposed to enhance our sense of connectedness with other people, research has found that they actually have the opposite effect: they render dedicated users lonelier and more isolated.
     However, this shouldn't really surprise us. The hyperconnectedness takes place at a superficial level, eliminating all of the extra elements that make communication more valuable and psychologically constructive.
   Such elements include eye contact, body language, the possibility of listening for changes in our interlocutor's tone of voice, or the possibility of physical touch.
    An over-active social media presence can leave its mark not just on our mental health, but also on our physical health — particularly by altering our sleep patterns.
   Lastly, researchers have proven that our commitment to social media platforms can negatively affect our commitment to our own creative and professional lives in complex ways.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321498.php?sr> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.
A
run a higher risk of going through depression episodes.
B
are less prone to experience the harms that they cause.
C
will suffer from anxiety and depression more often.
D
should find it harder to make friends and to socialize.
E
will never achieve standards of beauty and success.
b20a392d-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The use of social media

Read the text below and answer the following question.

Is it time you went on a social media detox?

    In today's world, social media is central to our lives. It helps us to stay in touch with our friends, promote our work, and follow the latest news. How do these networks impact our mental and physical health?
    A number of studies have linked social media use with increased levels of depression, anxiety, and isolation.
    Social media lovers have twice the risk of depression, compared with their less enthusiastic peers.
    Research has revealed that younger and older users alike are in danger of breaking under the pressure of unachievable standards of beauty and success.
    Among young adult users, social media notably increases the incidence of anxiety and depression, according to the results of a sizeable study conducted in 2016.
  In fact, the researchers saw that users who frequently checked their accounts had a more than twice as high a risk of depression than their less social media-oriented peers.
    This may partly be due to the fact that social networks create an artificial need to be available 24/7, to respond to messages and emoji reactions instantly. But this attitude creates an unnecessary amount of low-key stress that takes its toll on our emotional well-being.
    And, despite the fact that such platforms are supposed to enhance our sense of connectedness with other people, research has found that they actually have the opposite effect: they render dedicated users lonelier and more isolated.
     However, this shouldn't really surprise us. The hyperconnectedness takes place at a superficial level, eliminating all of the extra elements that make communication more valuable and psychologically constructive.
   Such elements include eye contact, body language, the possibility of listening for changes in our interlocutor's tone of voice, or the possibility of physical touch.
    An over-active social media presence can leave its mark not just on our mental health, but also on our physical health — particularly by altering our sleep patterns.
   Lastly, researchers have proven that our commitment to social media platforms can negatively affect our commitment to our own creative and professional lives in complex ways.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321498.php?sr> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.
A
will often make one feel isolated and little connected to people.
B
helps fight depression and anxiety in those who use them often.
C
has helped users improve their availability and so, fight depression.
D
helps one become less isolated and lonely due to being connected.
E
might bring about a good many problems related to health.
b206f042-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Sinônimos | Synonyms

All of the following are synonyms of perilous except for

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Can Cellular Agriculture Feed the World?


    Within 20 years, there will be 2 billion more people than today — over 9 billion people in total. The impact to the environment could be severe. Just feeding that population using current methods is problematic.

    On average, cattle ranchers need 100 times more land than corn growers to produce a gram of food. So, if that hungry world continues to eat meat like we do, the demand for land — and fresh water — will be alarming, not to mention the environmental impact of raising so many animals. Meat production aside, the large-scale monoculture of crops like corn usually results in damaging terrestrial pollution from pesticides and soil depletion. The impact to the oceans is equally perilous.

   Instead of farming animals, fish and plants, cellular agriculture grows the proteins and nutrients we consume from a culture, cell by cell. With this alternative approach, the consumable meat and plant tissues produced don’t need to be harvested from animals or plants. It’s food production on an industrial scale.

  The technology to do this is not new. Growing meat from a scaffold embedded in growth culture is no different in theory than making bread from yeast. The vast majority of insulin for diabetics is already manufactured by genetically engineered bacteria, as is the rennet used to culture cheese. In the past 10 years, this approach has been pioneered with a variety of foodstuffs: milk, eggs, beef, chicken, fish — even coffee.

    To succeed, cellular agriculture must overcome 6,000 years of established dependence on traditional agriculture, and it has to do so via one of the most finicky human senses: taste. No one will eat manufactured meat or fish if it doesn’t have the same sensual satisfaction generated by the grown version. So, in addition to all the technical challenges in creating edible tissues from cultures, the startups pioneering this approach are working diligently to make their products tasty.

   The possibilities for cellular agriculture are seemingly limitless; it may be possible to grow human organs for transplant using the method. But it is still early days.


Adaptado de: <https://earth911.com/business-policy/cellular-agriculture/> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.

A
safe
B
dangerous
C
risky
D
hazardous
E
trecherous
b2033d32-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

One of the things that makes cellular culture hard to succeed is

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Can Cellular Agriculture Feed the World?


    Within 20 years, there will be 2 billion more people than today — over 9 billion people in total. The impact to the environment could be severe. Just feeding that population using current methods is problematic.

    On average, cattle ranchers need 100 times more land than corn growers to produce a gram of food. So, if that hungry world continues to eat meat like we do, the demand for land — and fresh water — will be alarming, not to mention the environmental impact of raising so many animals. Meat production aside, the large-scale monoculture of crops like corn usually results in damaging terrestrial pollution from pesticides and soil depletion. The impact to the oceans is equally perilous.

   Instead of farming animals, fish and plants, cellular agriculture grows the proteins and nutrients we consume from a culture, cell by cell. With this alternative approach, the consumable meat and plant tissues produced don’t need to be harvested from animals or plants. It’s food production on an industrial scale.

  The technology to do this is not new. Growing meat from a scaffold embedded in growth culture is no different in theory than making bread from yeast. The vast majority of insulin for diabetics is already manufactured by genetically engineered bacteria, as is the rennet used to culture cheese. In the past 10 years, this approach has been pioneered with a variety of foodstuffs: milk, eggs, beef, chicken, fish — even coffee.

    To succeed, cellular agriculture must overcome 6,000 years of established dependence on traditional agriculture, and it has to do so via one of the most finicky human senses: taste. No one will eat manufactured meat or fish if it doesn’t have the same sensual satisfaction generated by the grown version. So, in addition to all the technical challenges in creating edible tissues from cultures, the startups pioneering this approach are working diligently to make their products tasty.

   The possibilities for cellular agriculture are seemingly limitless; it may be possible to grow human organs for transplant using the method. But it is still early days.


Adaptado de: <https://earth911.com/business-policy/cellular-agriculture/> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.

A
the fact that humans had rather eat only organic food.
B
the environmental impact it causes both on the land and the sea.
C
that the food that it produces still needs to become tasteful.
D
its totally new approach with no existing analogous models.
E
that human organs are grown this way and that is nauseating.
b1ffbfe2-05
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Cellular agriculture

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Can Cellular Agriculture Feed the World?


    Within 20 years, there will be 2 billion more people than today — over 9 billion people in total. The impact to the environment could be severe. Just feeding that population using current methods is problematic.

    On average, cattle ranchers need 100 times more land than corn growers to produce a gram of food. So, if that hungry world continues to eat meat like we do, the demand for land — and fresh water — will be alarming, not to mention the environmental impact of raising so many animals. Meat production aside, the large-scale monoculture of crops like corn usually results in damaging terrestrial pollution from pesticides and soil depletion. The impact to the oceans is equally perilous.

   Instead of farming animals, fish and plants, cellular agriculture grows the proteins and nutrients we consume from a culture, cell by cell. With this alternative approach, the consumable meat and plant tissues produced don’t need to be harvested from animals or plants. It’s food production on an industrial scale.

  The technology to do this is not new. Growing meat from a scaffold embedded in growth culture is no different in theory than making bread from yeast. The vast majority of insulin for diabetics is already manufactured by genetically engineered bacteria, as is the rennet used to culture cheese. In the past 10 years, this approach has been pioneered with a variety of foodstuffs: milk, eggs, beef, chicken, fish — even coffee.

    To succeed, cellular agriculture must overcome 6,000 years of established dependence on traditional agriculture, and it has to do so via one of the most finicky human senses: taste. No one will eat manufactured meat or fish if it doesn’t have the same sensual satisfaction generated by the grown version. So, in addition to all the technical challenges in creating edible tissues from cultures, the startups pioneering this approach are working diligently to make their products tasty.

   The possibilities for cellular agriculture are seemingly limitless; it may be possible to grow human organs for transplant using the method. But it is still early days.


Adaptado de: <https://earth911.com/business-policy/cellular-agriculture/> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018.

A
could damage the environment.
B
can grow food from a culture.
C
is a brand new technology.
D
gets its meat from living animals.
E
hinders environment conservation.
97283134-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

According to the graph above it is true to assert that

Read the graph below and answer the following question.


Adaptado de: <https://brainly.com/question/2608462> Acessado em 18 de outubro de 2018.

A
the population of extinct species has risen twofold in 200 years.
B
there’s roughly a link between human population and species extinction.
C
as human population has risen so has the extinction of species.
D
the more humans there are the less extinct species there are too.
E
there were virtually as many extinct species in the 1800s as now.
972483ed-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Sinônimos | Synonyms

All of the following are a synonym of shrink except for

A
shorten
B
decrease
C
reduce
D
enlarge
E
diminish
97219a4f-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The artifact that represents the kilogram

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Redefining the Kilogram


The kilogram is shrinking.

The official object that defines the mass of a kilogram is a tiny, 139-year-old cylinder of platinum and iridium that resides in a triple-locked vault near Paris. Because it is so important, scientists almost never take it out; instead they use copies called working standards. But the last time they did inspect the real kilogram, they found it is roughly five parts in 100 million heavier than all the working standards, which have been leaving behind a few atoms of metal every time they are put on scales. This is one of the reasons the kilogram may soon be redefined not by a physical object but through calculations based on fundamental constants.

“This [shrinking] is the kind of thing that happens when you have an object that needs to be conserved in order to have a standard,” says Peter Mohr, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), who serves on the committee that oversees the International System of Units (SI). “Fundamental constants, on the other hand, are not going to change over time.”

The redefinition of the kilogram will be part of a planned larger overhaul to make SI units fully dependent on constants of nature. Representatives from 57 countries will vote on the proposed change this month at a conference in Versailles, France, and the new rules are expected to pass.

What will happen to the old kilogram artifacts after the redefinition? Rather than packing them off to museums, scientists plan to keep studying how they fare over time. “There is so much measurement history on these,” says physicist Stephan Schlamminger of NIST. “It would be irresponsible to not continue to measure them.”

Adaptado de: <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/redefining-thekilogram/>  Acessado em 10 de outubro de 2018.
A
will be kept for future investigation.
B
should be discarded immediately.
C
must be displayed in a museum.
D
should be sold to rarity collectors.
E
cannot be used scientifically anymore.
971e9335-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The Kilogram as we know it

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Redefining the Kilogram


The kilogram is shrinking.

The official object that defines the mass of a kilogram is a tiny, 139-year-old cylinder of platinum and iridium that resides in a triple-locked vault near Paris. Because it is so important, scientists almost never take it out; instead they use copies called working standards. But the last time they did inspect the real kilogram, they found it is roughly five parts in 100 million heavier than all the working standards, which have been leaving behind a few atoms of metal every time they are put on scales. This is one of the reasons the kilogram may soon be redefined not by a physical object but through calculations based on fundamental constants.

“This [shrinking] is the kind of thing that happens when you have an object that needs to be conserved in order to have a standard,” says Peter Mohr, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), who serves on the committee that oversees the International System of Units (SI). “Fundamental constants, on the other hand, are not going to change over time.”

The redefinition of the kilogram will be part of a planned larger overhaul to make SI units fully dependent on constants of nature. Representatives from 57 countries will vote on the proposed change this month at a conference in Versailles, France, and the new rules are expected to pass.

What will happen to the old kilogram artifacts after the redefinition? Rather than packing them off to museums, scientists plan to keep studying how they fare over time. “There is so much measurement history on these,” says physicist Stephan Schlamminger of NIST. “It would be irresponsible to not continue to measure them.”

Adaptado de: <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/redefining-thekilogram/>  Acessado em 10 de outubro de 2018.
A
is a unit of mass represented by an immutable object.
B
is bound to get a new set of nonphysical representation.
C
is a base unit of mass which is kept by a resident of Paris.
D
has been displayed in exhibitions throughout the world.
E
could soon disappear and be replaced by another unit of mass.
9719b503-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The good news is that

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Do tweens and teens believe “fake news”?


Let's be clear: "Fake news" has always existed. From P.T. Barnum to Ripley's Believe It or Not to supermarket tabloids, selling outrageous ideas has long been a part of our culture. Most kids can tell the difference between the shocking stories they see in the checkout line and the more evenhanded reporting they see on the local TV news.

But today's fake online news sources so closely mimic real news that it's challenging even for adults to discern what's real and what's fake. Also, kids have less experience in and context for evaluating news sources, so certain words or images that might immediately tell an adult that something is fake or biased might not have the same effect on kids.

According to Common Sense Media's report, News and America's Kids: How Young People Perceive and Are Impacted by the News, less than half of kids agree that they know how to tell fake news stories from real ones. When it comes to online news, the stats reveal a serious lack of faith:

Only about one in four kids who gets news online think that news posted online is "very accurate."

Only seven percent think news by people they don't know well is "very accurate."

Tweens are more likely than teens to think that news posted online is "very accurate."

The good news is that kids who get news from social media sites are trying to be careful readers. Most kids who get their news from social media say they pay "a lot" or "some" attention to the source the link on social media takes them to. And the majority who get news online say that when they come across information in a news story that they think is wrong, they "sometimes" or "often" try to figure out whether or not it's true.

Adaptado de: < https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-andmedia-literacy/do-tweens-and-teens-believe-fake-news> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018. 
A
tweens and teens have been more careful with the news sources.
B
news from social media has been more and more trustworthy.
C
tweens have had stiff protection from their parents regarding fake news.
D
most kids who get news online believe everything that is told there.
E
no kid trusts what they read online and resort to adults for information.
9715fc26-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Children and adults

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Do tweens and teens believe “fake news”?


Let's be clear: "Fake news" has always existed. From P.T. Barnum to Ripley's Believe It or Not to supermarket tabloids, selling outrageous ideas has long been a part of our culture. Most kids can tell the difference between the shocking stories they see in the checkout line and the more evenhanded reporting they see on the local TV news.

But today's fake online news sources so closely mimic real news that it's challenging even for adults to discern what's real and what's fake. Also, kids have less experience in and context for evaluating news sources, so certain words or images that might immediately tell an adult that something is fake or biased might not have the same effect on kids.

According to Common Sense Media's report, News and America's Kids: How Young People Perceive and Are Impacted by the News, less than half of kids agree that they know how to tell fake news stories from real ones. When it comes to online news, the stats reveal a serious lack of faith:

Only about one in four kids who gets news online think that news posted online is "very accurate."

Only seven percent think news by people they don't know well is "very accurate."

Tweens are more likely than teens to think that news posted online is "very accurate."

The good news is that kids who get news from social media sites are trying to be careful readers. Most kids who get their news from social media say they pay "a lot" or "some" attention to the source the link on social media takes them to. And the majority who get news online say that when they come across information in a news story that they think is wrong, they "sometimes" or "often" try to figure out whether or not it's true.

Adaptado de: < https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-andmedia-literacy/do-tweens-and-teens-believe-fake-news> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018. 
A
are both equally capable of detecting fake news.
B
are never victims of ill-intentioned information.
C
share different skills in order to detect fake news.
D
can tell any kind of real from fake news they get.
E
are targets of fake news by online sources alone.
97131494-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Fake news

Read the text below and answer the following question.


Do tweens and teens believe “fake news”?


Let's be clear: "Fake news" has always existed. From P.T. Barnum to Ripley's Believe It or Not to supermarket tabloids, selling outrageous ideas has long been a part of our culture. Most kids can tell the difference between the shocking stories they see in the checkout line and the more evenhanded reporting they see on the local TV news.

But today's fake online news sources so closely mimic real news that it's challenging even for adults to discern what's real and what's fake. Also, kids have less experience in and context for evaluating news sources, so certain words or images that might immediately tell an adult that something is fake or biased might not have the same effect on kids.

According to Common Sense Media's report, News and America's Kids: How Young People Perceive and Are Impacted by the News, less than half of kids agree that they know how to tell fake news stories from real ones. When it comes to online news, the stats reveal a serious lack of faith:

Only about one in four kids who gets news online think that news posted online is "very accurate."

Only seven percent think news by people they don't know well is "very accurate."

Tweens are more likely than teens to think that news posted online is "very accurate."

The good news is that kids who get news from social media sites are trying to be careful readers. Most kids who get their news from social media say they pay "a lot" or "some" attention to the source the link on social media takes them to. And the majority who get news online say that when they come across information in a news story that they think is wrong, they "sometimes" or "often" try to figure out whether or not it's true.

Adaptado de: < https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-andmedia-literacy/do-tweens-and-teens-believe-fake-news> Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2018. 
A
is a new phenomenon.
B
has never existed at all.
C
is an IT era event.
D
has lost its power.
E
has always been around.
8e42f9ce-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

What the doctor implies is that

Read the comic strip below and answer the following question based on it.


Disponível em:< http://www.guysports.com/funny/doctor_cartoon.htm>. Acessado em 5 de abril de 2018.

A
the patient should not worry too much about this health issue.
B
experiencing insomnia is a result of all the worries of life.
C
the problem is really serious and the patient should sleep on it.
D
losing sleep is such an unusual problem one should worry stiff.
E
people commonly spend too much time sleeping and that is bad.
8e3fcc08-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

It can be inferred that

Read the illustration below and answer the following question based on it.


Disponível em:< https://i.pinimg.com/originals/33/82/af/3382af7d4f90bbed0e333770 abbc317e.jpg>. Acessado em 2 de abril de 2018

A
dental care has always been a big issue in poor communities.
B
poverty has but a slight connection with students' health.
C
children are solely responsible for their own tooth care.
D
there's some relationship between toothaches and test scores.
E
the probability poor children get a cavity by third grade is nil.
8e3bfb29-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Experiments on mice

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.


More than half your body is not human


Human cells make up only 43% of the body's total cell count. The rest are microscopic colonists.

Understanding this hidden half of ourselves - our microbiome - is rapidly transforming understanding of diseases from allergy to Parkinson's.

No matter how well you wash, nearly every nook and cranny of your body is covered in microscopic creatures.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea (organisms originally misclassified as bacteria). The greatest concentration of this microscopic life is in the dark murky depths of our oxygen-deprived bowels.

The human genome - the full set of genetic instructions for a human being - is made up of 20,000 instructions called genes.

But add all the genes in our microbiome together and the figure comes out between two and 20 million microbial genes.

Prof Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiologist from Caltech, argues: "We don't have just one genome, the genes of our microbiome present essentially a second genome which augment the activity of our own.

Science is rapidly uncovering the role the microbiome plays in digestion, regulating the immune system, protecting against disease and manufacturing vital vitamins.

It is a new way of thinking about the microbial world. To date, our relationship with microbes has largely been one of warfare.

Antibiotics and vaccines have been the weapons unleashed against the likes of smallpox, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or MRSA.

That's been a good thing and has saved large numbers of lives.

But some researchers are concerned that our assault on the bad guys has done untold damage to our "good bacteria".

Prof Knight has performed experiments on mice that were born in the most sanitised world imaginable.

He says: "We were able to show that if you take lean and obese humans and take their faeces and transplant the bacteria into mice you can make the mouse thinner or fatter depending on whose microbiome it got."

"This is pretty amazing right, but the question now is will this be translatable to humans"

This is the big hope for the field, that microbes could be a new form of medicine. It is known as using "bugs as drugs".

Adaptado de: < http://www.bbc.com/news/health-43674270> Acessado em 13 de abril de 2018.

A
have always resulted in gains for the benefit of humans.
B
can never be a valid means of findings for humans.
C
might help understand how things would work in humans.
D
show exactly how things would work in human beings.
E
has been banned and no scientist dares using them ever.
8e37ede6-d5
CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Understanding how our microbiome works

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.


More than half your body is not human


Human cells make up only 43% of the body's total cell count. The rest are microscopic colonists.

Understanding this hidden half of ourselves - our microbiome - is rapidly transforming understanding of diseases from allergy to Parkinson's.

No matter how well you wash, nearly every nook and cranny of your body is covered in microscopic creatures.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea (organisms originally misclassified as bacteria). The greatest concentration of this microscopic life is in the dark murky depths of our oxygen-deprived bowels.

The human genome - the full set of genetic instructions for a human being - is made up of 20,000 instructions called genes.

But add all the genes in our microbiome together and the figure comes out between two and 20 million microbial genes.

Prof Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiologist from Caltech, argues: "We don't have just one genome, the genes of our microbiome present essentially a second genome which augment the activity of our own.

Science is rapidly uncovering the role the microbiome plays in digestion, regulating the immune system, protecting against disease and manufacturing vital vitamins.

It is a new way of thinking about the microbial world. To date, our relationship with microbes has largely been one of warfare.

Antibiotics and vaccines have been the weapons unleashed against the likes of smallpox, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or MRSA.

That's been a good thing and has saved large numbers of lives.

But some researchers are concerned that our assault on the bad guys has done untold damage to our "good bacteria".

Prof Knight has performed experiments on mice that were born in the most sanitised world imaginable.

He says: "We were able to show that if you take lean and obese humans and take their faeces and transplant the bacteria into mice you can make the mouse thinner or fatter depending on whose microbiome it got."

"This is pretty amazing right, but the question now is will this be translatable to humans"

This is the big hope for the field, that microbes could be a new form of medicine. It is known as using "bugs as drugs".

Adaptado de: < http://www.bbc.com/news/health-43674270> Acessado em 13 de abril de 2018.

A
has enabled us to crack down obesity in humans.
B
is bringing about hope to cope with many diseases.
C
means that we can fight it even harder than ever.
D
has turned all the microbes into our best friends.
E
has done away with the need for taking antibiotics.
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CESMAC 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The human body

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.


More than half your body is not human


Human cells make up only 43% of the body's total cell count. The rest are microscopic colonists.

Understanding this hidden half of ourselves - our microbiome - is rapidly transforming understanding of diseases from allergy to Parkinson's.

No matter how well you wash, nearly every nook and cranny of your body is covered in microscopic creatures.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea (organisms originally misclassified as bacteria). The greatest concentration of this microscopic life is in the dark murky depths of our oxygen-deprived bowels.

The human genome - the full set of genetic instructions for a human being - is made up of 20,000 instructions called genes.

But add all the genes in our microbiome together and the figure comes out between two and 20 million microbial genes.

Prof Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiologist from Caltech, argues: "We don't have just one genome, the genes of our microbiome present essentially a second genome which augment the activity of our own.

Science is rapidly uncovering the role the microbiome plays in digestion, regulating the immune system, protecting against disease and manufacturing vital vitamins.

It is a new way of thinking about the microbial world. To date, our relationship with microbes has largely been one of warfare.

Antibiotics and vaccines have been the weapons unleashed against the likes of smallpox, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or MRSA.

That's been a good thing and has saved large numbers of lives.

But some researchers are concerned that our assault on the bad guys has done untold damage to our "good bacteria".

Prof Knight has performed experiments on mice that were born in the most sanitised world imaginable.

He says: "We were able to show that if you take lean and obese humans and take their faeces and transplant the bacteria into mice you can make the mouse thinner or fatter depending on whose microbiome it got."

"This is pretty amazing right, but the question now is will this be translatable to humans"

This is the big hope for the field, that microbes could be a new form of medicine. It is known as using "bugs as drugs".

Adaptado de: < http://www.bbc.com/news/health-43674270> Acessado em 13 de abril de 2018.

A
is sealed against attacks from microbes.
B
can fight off any disease all by itself.
C
is not human at all, as is argued.
D
is made up of more than human cells.
E
is composed of human cells alone.