Questõesde IF Sul - MG sobre Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

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3c728872-b5
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Com relação ao teste desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores para calcular o preconceito, assinale a alternativa correta.

AI Picks Up Racial and Gender Biases When Learning from What Humans Write

AI1 picks up racial and gender biases2 when learning language from text, researchers say. Without any supervision, a machine learning algorithm learns to associate female names more with family words than career words, and black names as being more unpleasant than white names.

For a study published today in Science, researchers tested the bias of a common AI model, and then matched the results against a well-known psychological test that measures bias in humans. The team replicated in the algorithm all the psychological biases they tested, according to a study from co-author Aylin Caliskan, a post-doc at Princeton University. Because machine learning algorithms are so common, influencing everything from translation to scanning names on resumes, this research shows that the biases are pervasive, too. 

An algorithm is a set of instructions that humans write to help computers learn. Think of it like a recipe, says Zachary Lipton, an AI researcher at UC San Diego who was not involved in the study. Because algorithms use existing materials — like books or text on the internet — it’s obvious that AI can pick up biases if the materials themselves are biased. (For example, Google Photos tagged black users as gorillas.) We’ve known for a while, for instance, that language algorithms learn to associate the word “man” with “professor” and the word “woman” with “assistant professor.” But this paper is interesting because it incorporates previous work done in psychology on human biases, Lipton says.

For today’s study, Caliskan’s team created a test that resembles the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which is commonly used in psychology to measure how biased people are (though there has been some controversy over its accuracy). In the IAT, subjects are presented with two images — say, a white man and a black man — and words like “pleasant” or “unpleasant.” The IAT calculates how quickly you match up “white man” and “pleasant” versus “black man” and “pleasant,” and vice versa. The idea is that the longer it takes you to match up two concepts, the more trouble you have associating them.

The test developed by the researchers also calculates bias, but instead of measuring “response time”, it measures the mathematical distance between two words. In other words, if there’s a bigger numerical distance between a black name and the concept of “pleasant” than a white name and “pleasant”, the model’s association between the two isn’t as strong. The further apart the words are, the less the algorithm associates them together.

Caliskan’s team then tested their method on one particular algorithm: Global Vectors for Word Representation (GLoVe) from Stanford University. GLoVe basically crawls the web to find data and learns associations between billions of words. The researchers found that, in GLoVe, female words are more associated with arts than with math or science, and black names are seen as more unpleasant than white names. That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong with the AI system, per se, or how the AI is learning — there’s something wrong with the material.

1AI: Artificial Intelligence
2bias: prejudice; preconception

Disponível em <http://www.theverge.com/>. Acesso em: 18/04/2017.
A
Se há uma menor distância entre um nome branco e “agradável”, a associação entre os dois conceitos será mais forte.
B
Quanto maior a distância numérica entre a ideia de “agradável” e um nome negro, mais forte será a associação entre eles pelo algoritmo.
C
O teste mede o tempo de resposta e a distância matemática entre duas palavras.
D
Quanto mais longe as palavras estão, mais o algoritmo as associa.
3c754622-b5
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Why does Artificial Intelligence (AI) pick up biases?

AI Picks Up Racial and Gender Biases When Learning from What Humans Write

AI1 picks up racial and gender biases2 when learning language from text, researchers say. Without any supervision, a machine learning algorithm learns to associate female names more with family words than career words, and black names as being more unpleasant than white names.

For a study published today in Science, researchers tested the bias of a common AI model, and then matched the results against a well-known psychological test that measures bias in humans. The team replicated in the algorithm all the psychological biases they tested, according to a study from co-author Aylin Caliskan, a post-doc at Princeton University. Because machine learning algorithms are so common, influencing everything from translation to scanning names on resumes, this research shows that the biases are pervasive, too. 

An algorithm is a set of instructions that humans write to help computers learn. Think of it like a recipe, says Zachary Lipton, an AI researcher at UC San Diego who was not involved in the study. Because algorithms use existing materials — like books or text on the internet — it’s obvious that AI can pick up biases if the materials themselves are biased. (For example, Google Photos tagged black users as gorillas.) We’ve known for a while, for instance, that language algorithms learn to associate the word “man” with “professor” and the word “woman” with “assistant professor.” But this paper is interesting because it incorporates previous work done in psychology on human biases, Lipton says.

For today’s study, Caliskan’s team created a test that resembles the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which is commonly used in psychology to measure how biased people are (though there has been some controversy over its accuracy). In the IAT, subjects are presented with two images — say, a white man and a black man — and words like “pleasant” or “unpleasant.” The IAT calculates how quickly you match up “white man” and “pleasant” versus “black man” and “pleasant,” and vice versa. The idea is that the longer it takes you to match up two concepts, the more trouble you have associating them.

The test developed by the researchers also calculates bias, but instead of measuring “response time”, it measures the mathematical distance between two words. In other words, if there’s a bigger numerical distance between a black name and the concept of “pleasant” than a white name and “pleasant”, the model’s association between the two isn’t as strong. The further apart the words are, the less the algorithm associates them together.

Caliskan’s team then tested their method on one particular algorithm: Global Vectors for Word Representation (GLoVe) from Stanford University. GLoVe basically crawls the web to find data and learns associations between billions of words. The researchers found that, in GLoVe, female words are more associated with arts than with math or science, and black names are seen as more unpleasant than white names. That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong with the AI system, per se, or how the AI is learning — there’s something wrong with the material.

1AI: Artificial Intelligence
2bias: prejudice; preconception

Disponível em <http://www.theverge.com/>. Acesso em: 18/04/2017.
A
Because it incorporates previous work done in psychology on human biases.
B
Because algorithms use existing materials — like books or texts on the internet — and the materials themselves are biased.
C
Because machine learning algorithms influence everything from translation to scanning names on resumes.
D
Because an algorithm is a set of instructions that humans write to help computers learn.
3c6dfa34-b5
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Assinale a alternativa que está de acordo com o texto.

AI Picks Up Racial and Gender Biases When Learning from What Humans Write

AI1 picks up racial and gender biases2 when learning language from text, researchers say. Without any supervision, a machine learning algorithm learns to associate female names more with family words than career words, and black names as being more unpleasant than white names.

For a study published today in Science, researchers tested the bias of a common AI model, and then matched the results against a well-known psychological test that measures bias in humans. The team replicated in the algorithm all the psychological biases they tested, according to a study from co-author Aylin Caliskan, a post-doc at Princeton University. Because machine learning algorithms are so common, influencing everything from translation to scanning names on resumes, this research shows that the biases are pervasive, too. 

An algorithm is a set of instructions that humans write to help computers learn. Think of it like a recipe, says Zachary Lipton, an AI researcher at UC San Diego who was not involved in the study. Because algorithms use existing materials — like books or text on the internet — it’s obvious that AI can pick up biases if the materials themselves are biased. (For example, Google Photos tagged black users as gorillas.) We’ve known for a while, for instance, that language algorithms learn to associate the word “man” with “professor” and the word “woman” with “assistant professor.” But this paper is interesting because it incorporates previous work done in psychology on human biases, Lipton says.

For today’s study, Caliskan’s team created a test that resembles the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which is commonly used in psychology to measure how biased people are (though there has been some controversy over its accuracy). In the IAT, subjects are presented with two images — say, a white man and a black man — and words like “pleasant” or “unpleasant.” The IAT calculates how quickly you match up “white man” and “pleasant” versus “black man” and “pleasant,” and vice versa. The idea is that the longer it takes you to match up two concepts, the more trouble you have associating them.

The test developed by the researchers also calculates bias, but instead of measuring “response time”, it measures the mathematical distance between two words. In other words, if there’s a bigger numerical distance between a black name and the concept of “pleasant” than a white name and “pleasant”, the model’s association between the two isn’t as strong. The further apart the words are, the less the algorithm associates them together.

Caliskan’s team then tested their method on one particular algorithm: Global Vectors for Word Representation (GLoVe) from Stanford University. GLoVe basically crawls the web to find data and learns associations between billions of words. The researchers found that, in GLoVe, female words are more associated with arts than with math or science, and black names are seen as more unpleasant than white names. That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong with the AI system, per se, or how the AI is learning — there’s something wrong with the material.

1AI: Artificial Intelligence
2bias: prejudice; preconception

Disponível em <http://www.theverge.com/>. Acesso em: 18/04/2017.
A
A Inteligência artificial (AI) evita preconceito racial e de gênero ao aprender a linguagem por meio de textos.
B
Não há nada de errado com o material, mas com a maneira como a Inteligência artificial (AI) aprende.
C
O algoritmo aprende a associar nomes femininos mais com palavras do campo familiar do que com palavras relacionadas à carreira profissional.
D
O teste desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores calcula o preconceito pelo tempo de resposta da máquina ao associar palavras.
3c6af2c3-b5
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Com relação às expressões abaixo, assinale a alternativa correta.

written word, movable type, mass publication

A
As palavras destacadas não alteram o sentido das palavras que acompanham.
B
A palavra e-mail poderia compor a lista, pois a letra e significa electronic, que é um modificador da palavra mail.
C
Em português a ordem das palavras seria a mesma nos três casos.
D
Embora tenham sentidos iguais, cada uma das palavras destacadas tem função diferente no texto.
3c6803dc-b5
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A evolução da comunicação é retratada com ironia no cartum. Com relação à figura e ao texto, é INCORRETO afirmar que:

A
o último personagem acredita que 140 caracteres são suficientes para dizer tudo.
B
o primeiro e o último personagem usam roupas semelhantes para insinuar que se encontram em estágios semelhantes da evolução.
C
o título: The Evolution of Written Communication seria adequado, pois o tema é abordado de maneira parcial.
D
seria mais adequado o título: The Decline of Communication, porque, na verdade, só houve retrocesso.
57705a27-b5
IF Sul - MG 2016 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Verifique se as sentenças abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas de acordo com o texto:
( ) Houve ataques terroristas inspirados pelo Estado Islâmico (ISIS) durante as Olimpíadas no Rio.
( ) Segundo o Ministro da Justiça do Brasil, os suspeitos de planejar os ataques compraram uma arma pela internet.
( ) As autoridades brasileiras se sentem despreparadas para enfrentar ataques terroristas durante as olimpíadas no Rio.
( ) Houve várias ameaças de ataques terroristas durante as Olimpíadas do Rio.

Assinale a sequência correta:

Brazilian police arrest 12 suspected of planning terrorist acts during Olympics
Brazilian police have arrested 12 people suspected of planning terrorist acts during next month's Rio Olympics, authorities said.
The group was inspired by ISIS and mostly organized online, Justice Minister Alexandre de Moraes said. He said no specific targets were mentioned, but the Justice Ministry is still investigating the suspects' computers and cell phones to learn more about the possible plans.
De Moraes said the suspects are all Brazilian nationals, and that one minor was mentioned in the conversations.
De Moraes said the group was not an organized cell, calling it "absolutely amateur - with no preparation." The group essentially said, "Let's start training in martial arts, let's start learning how to shoot," the justice minister said.
He noted the group tried to buy a gun online, which no organized cell would do.
Raffaello Pantucci, director of international security studies at the Royal United Services Institute, said there doesn't appear to be evidence of a sophisticated plot.
But Brazil has grappled with a host of threats against the Rio Olympics, now just 11 days away.
This week, Brazil's intelligence agency said it was reviewing all threats after a jihadi messaging channel called for its followers to target the Olympics, which start August 5.
"Many (threats) are discarded and the ones that deserve attention are investigated exhaustively", the agency said.
Earlier this week, a jihadi channel on the messaging app Telegram called for attacks against the games and detailed targets and methods, according to the SITE Intelligence Group.
But Brazil has vowed it will be ready to handle any terror attempt.
A Western diplomat said venues for the games have been "hardened significantly - and I believe the government of Brazil has done what it can to make it very difficult to get into the venues here."
Brazilian forces have been working with French SWAT teams to simulate attack scenarios. In one drill, Brazil special forces and a police dog chase down an armed gunman to thwart a possible attack on Rio's subway system.
"There is not a specific threat," Lt. Gen. Luiz Linhares of Brazil's Ministry of Defense said. "You have to screen for a great (spectrum) of threat."

http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/21/americas/brazil-olympics-terror-arrests/ 
A
F, V, V, F.
B
F, F, F, V.
C
V, F, F, V.
D
V, F, V, F.
577451aa-b5
IF Sul - MG 2016 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Verifique se as alternativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas de acordo com o texto:
( ) A chance de o Reino Unido sofrer recessão após sua saída da União Europeia é maior que 50%.
( ) Estima-se que até o final de 2017 a inflação diminuirá em 3%.
( ) O Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Social e Econômica prevê que o Reino Unido conseguirá evitar uma “recessão técnica”.
( ) Mr. Kirby prevê um pequeno crescimento econômico na segunda metade de 2016.
( ) Alimentos no Reino Unido estão 0.8% mais caros do que a um ano atrás.
( ) O Índice de Gestores de Compras divulgado na segunda-feira sugere que as atividades dos fabricantes britânicos sofreram a retração de ritmo mais acelerada dos últimos 3 anos.

Assinale a sequência correta:

Brexit 'means economy faces 50/50 recession chance' 
3 August 2016
The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) says the UK will go through a "marked economic slowdown" this year and next. It says inflation will also pick up, rising to 3% by the end of next year. "This is the short-term economic consequence of the vote to leave the EU", said Simon Kirby of the NIESR.
Overall the institute forecasts that the UK economy will probably grow by 1.7% this year but will expand by just 1% in 2017. This would see the UK avoid a technical recession, typically defined as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction.
Mr. Kirby argued that the June referendum vote had led to such financial and political uncertainty that this would bear directly on the spending and investment decisions of both businesses and households. "We expect the UK to experience a marked economic slowdown in the second half of this year and throughout 2017," he said. "There is an even chance of a 'technical' recession in the next 18 months, while there is an elevated risk of further deterioration in the near term."
The pick-up in inflation to 3% will mainly be due to the recent fall in the value of the pound, but that should be ignored by the Bank of England, the Institute said. "The Monetary Policy Committee should 'look through' this temporary rise in inflation and ease monetary policy substantially in the coming months", Mr. Kirby said. The institute forecasts that the Bank will reduce interest rates to just 0.1% eventually, after cutting them to 0.25% later this week.
Falling optimism
In a separate report, the CBI business lobby group says that the UK's small and medium-sized manufacturers (SMEs) fear they will be hit by a fall in orders in the next three months. Its latest quarterly survey of SMEs says business optimism has fallen at its fastest rate since January 2009, when the UK economy was falling into recession. Now, the culprit is the uncertainty following June's Brexit vote. Despite this, the 472 firms surveyed said that current orders were stable.
Rain Newton-Smith, the CBI's director for economics, said: "The UK's SME manufacturers reported higher production, more staff hired and now expect to sell more of their world-class goods overseas over the next quarter, with a weaker sterling having a hand in this. "But overall they do feel less optimistic and are scaling back some investment plans in machinery and plants".
The CBI's survey is just the latest to suggest that the effect of the June referendum vote may be, in the short term at least, to depress business activity. On Monday the Markit/CIPS manufacturing purchasing managers' index suggested that activity among UK manufacturers in July had shrunk at its fastest pace for three years.
Meanwhile shoppers continue to benefit from falling prices in the UK's shops, stores and supermarkets. According to the latest survey from the trade body the British Retail Consortium, overall prices fell by 1.6% in the year to July. Food was 0.8% cheaper than a year ago and non-food items were 2.2% lower.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36953247.
A
F, F, V, F, F, V.
B
V, F, F, F, F, V.
C
F, F, V, F, F, F.
D
V, V, F, V, V, F.
5778769e-b5
IF Sul - MG 2016 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A referência do pronome “its” em “Its latest quarterly survey of SMEs says business optimism has fallen at its fastest rate since January 2009” (5º parágrafo) é:

Brexit 'means economy faces 50/50 recession chance' 
3 August 2016
The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) says the UK will go through a "marked economic slowdown" this year and next. It says inflation will also pick up, rising to 3% by the end of next year. "This is the short-term economic consequence of the vote to leave the EU", said Simon Kirby of the NIESR.
Overall the institute forecasts that the UK economy will probably grow by 1.7% this year but will expand by just 1% in 2017. This would see the UK avoid a technical recession, typically defined as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction.
Mr. Kirby argued that the June referendum vote had led to such financial and political uncertainty that this would bear directly on the spending and investment decisions of both businesses and households. "We expect the UK to experience a marked economic slowdown in the second half of this year and throughout 2017," he said. "There is an even chance of a 'technical' recession in the next 18 months, while there is an elevated risk of further deterioration in the near term."
The pick-up in inflation to 3% will mainly be due to the recent fall in the value of the pound, but that should be ignored by the Bank of England, the Institute said. "The Monetary Policy Committee should 'look through' this temporary rise in inflation and ease monetary policy substantially in the coming months", Mr. Kirby said. The institute forecasts that the Bank will reduce interest rates to just 0.1% eventually, after cutting them to 0.25% later this week.
Falling optimism
In a separate report, the CBI business lobby group says that the UK's small and medium-sized manufacturers (SMEs) fear they will be hit by a fall in orders in the next three months. Its latest quarterly survey of SMEs says business optimism has fallen at its fastest rate since January 2009, when the UK economy was falling into recession. Now, the culprit is the uncertainty following June's Brexit vote. Despite this, the 472 firms surveyed said that current orders were stable.
Rain Newton-Smith, the CBI's director for economics, said: "The UK's SME manufacturers reported higher production, more staff hired and now expect to sell more of their world-class goods overseas over the next quarter, with a weaker sterling having a hand in this. "But overall they do feel less optimistic and are scaling back some investment plans in machinery and plants".
The CBI's survey is just the latest to suggest that the effect of the June referendum vote may be, in the short term at least, to depress business activity. On Monday the Markit/CIPS manufacturing purchasing managers' index suggested that activity among UK manufacturers in July had shrunk at its fastest pace for three years.
Meanwhile shoppers continue to benefit from falling prices in the UK's shops, stores and supermarkets. According to the latest survey from the trade body the British Retail Consortium, overall prices fell by 1.6% in the year to July. Food was 0.8% cheaper than a year ago and non-food items were 2.2% lower.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36953247.
A
a separate report.
B
latest quarterly survey of SMEs.
C
the CBI business lobby group.
D
the UK.
7c755f8d-b3
IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension, Pronomes | Pronouns

As referências dos pronomes its e which, destacados no 3º parágrafo, são, respectivamente:

Texto para a questão.

These Are The Laziest Countries In The World, According To The United Nations By Bernadette Deron Published September 6, 2018

The World Health Organization had hoped to reduce inactivity 10 percent by 2025, but these numbers don't bode well for that goal.
The World Health Organization (WHO) — the agency of the United Nations concerned with international public health — published a report in The Lancet Global Health on Sept. 5 that outlines which nations get the most (and the least) amount of exercise.

Details Of The Study
The survey of 168 nations ranked the countries by most to least active by measuring the exercise habits of a given percentage of each country’s population and then comparing that percentage with those samples of the other countries involved in the study. The WHO defines enough exercise as at least 75 minutes of vigorous activity or 150 minutes of moderately intense activity per week — or any combination of the two. The WHO analyzed statistics and trends across different economic backgrounds, and between genders.

The Laziest Countries
Overall, there were only four counties in the world where more than 50 percent of the population did not get enough exercise: Kuwait, Iraq, American Samoa, and Saudi Arabia. So these four countries are effectively the “laziest” in the world. Ultimately the nation with the least amount of physical activity was Kuwait, with 67 percent of its adults not exercising enough.
Other nations towards the bottom of this list were the United States, which ranked 143rd out of 168 countries. A whopping 40 percent of the U.S.’s population doesn’t get enough exercise — meaning approximately 130 million Americans can’t manage to get 2.5 hours of moderate activity per week. The U.K. also ranked fairly inactive, with only 35.9 percent of their population getting the proper amount. Other more inactive countries included Brazil, with 47 percent, the Philippines with 39.7 percent, Singapore with 36.5 percent, and India with 34 percent of the population not getting enough exercise.
The Most Active Nations
In Uganda, only about five percent of their sample population did not exercise enough. China also displayed high rates of activity, with just 14.1 percent of their sample population not getting sufficient exercise. Other fairly active countries included Mozambique, with just over five percent, as well as Myanmar, with around 10 percent of their population insufficiently active.

Surprising Trends
According to their survey results, women tended to get less exercise than men, with an overall eight percent difference between the two. The report states:
“In 159 of 168 countries, prevalence of insufficient physical activity was lower in men than in women, with a difference of at least 10 percentage points in 65 countries, and a difference of more than 20 percentage points in nine countries: Barbados, Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Palau, Iraq, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.” 
The organization also noted some interesting trends across different economic backgrounds. Generally, people in poorer countries tended to be more than twice as active as richer ones. The report explains that this trend could be related to the fact that those with higher incomes tend to have “more sedentary occupations” and that greater access to automobile transportation results in lesser physical activity.
After pooling all of the data together, the WHO found that one in four adults the world over does not get enough exercise — which is a pretty jarring statistic. “This puts more than 1.4 billion adults at risk of developing or exacerbating diseases linked to inactivity, and needs to be urgently addressed,” the report states.
The WHO had previously outlined a goal of lowering global inactivity by 10 percent by the year 2025, but considering the fact that these statistics have not differed much since 2001, the WHO estimates that their goal will likely not be met.

Disponível em: <https://allthatsinteresting.com/worlds-laziest-countries> Acesso em 10 set. 2018
A
67 percent / the United States
B
Kuwait / the United States
C
the nation / Other nations
D
Kuwait / list
7c71b41a-b3
IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Verifique se as alternativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas de acordo com o texto:
( ) A fim de identificar os países mais preguiçosos do mundo, The World Health Organization (WHO) analisou estatísticas e tendências de diferentes gêneros e classes socioeconômicas.
( ) Nos países onde a população menos se exercita, mais de 50% das pessoas não fazem atividades suficientes.
( ) O estudo mostrou que, geralmente, as pessoas dos países mais pobres economicamente são três vezes mais ativas do que as pessoas mais ricas.
( ) De acordo com a pesquisa, um em cada quatro adultos não faz atividades físicas, porém não correm o risco de desenvolverem doenças relacionadas à inatividade.
( ) Possivelmente, a meta de diminuir a inatividade global em 10% até 2025 não será atingida.

Assinale a sequência correta:

Texto para a questão.

These Are The Laziest Countries In The World, According To The United Nations By Bernadette Deron Published September 6, 2018

The World Health Organization had hoped to reduce inactivity 10 percent by 2025, but these numbers don't bode well for that goal.
The World Health Organization (WHO) — the agency of the United Nations concerned with international public health — published a report in The Lancet Global Health on Sept. 5 that outlines which nations get the most (and the least) amount of exercise.

Details Of The Study
The survey of 168 nations ranked the countries by most to least active by measuring the exercise habits of a given percentage of each country’s population and then comparing that percentage with those samples of the other countries involved in the study. The WHO defines enough exercise as at least 75 minutes of vigorous activity or 150 minutes of moderately intense activity per week — or any combination of the two. The WHO analyzed statistics and trends across different economic backgrounds, and between genders.

The Laziest Countries
Overall, there were only four counties in the world where more than 50 percent of the population did not get enough exercise: Kuwait, Iraq, American Samoa, and Saudi Arabia. So these four countries are effectively the “laziest” in the world. Ultimately the nation with the least amount of physical activity was Kuwait, with 67 percent of its adults not exercising enough.
Other nations towards the bottom of this list were the United States, which ranked 143rd out of 168 countries. A whopping 40 percent of the U.S.’s population doesn’t get enough exercise — meaning approximately 130 million Americans can’t manage to get 2.5 hours of moderate activity per week. The U.K. also ranked fairly inactive, with only 35.9 percent of their population getting the proper amount. Other more inactive countries included Brazil, with 47 percent, the Philippines with 39.7 percent, Singapore with 36.5 percent, and India with 34 percent of the population not getting enough exercise.
The Most Active Nations
In Uganda, only about five percent of their sample population did not exercise enough. China also displayed high rates of activity, with just 14.1 percent of their sample population not getting sufficient exercise. Other fairly active countries included Mozambique, with just over five percent, as well as Myanmar, with around 10 percent of their population insufficiently active.

Surprising Trends
According to their survey results, women tended to get less exercise than men, with an overall eight percent difference between the two. The report states:
“In 159 of 168 countries, prevalence of insufficient physical activity was lower in men than in women, with a difference of at least 10 percentage points in 65 countries, and a difference of more than 20 percentage points in nine countries: Barbados, Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Palau, Iraq, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.” 
The organization also noted some interesting trends across different economic backgrounds. Generally, people in poorer countries tended to be more than twice as active as richer ones. The report explains that this trend could be related to the fact that those with higher incomes tend to have “more sedentary occupations” and that greater access to automobile transportation results in lesser physical activity.
After pooling all of the data together, the WHO found that one in four adults the world over does not get enough exercise — which is a pretty jarring statistic. “This puts more than 1.4 billion adults at risk of developing or exacerbating diseases linked to inactivity, and needs to be urgently addressed,” the report states.
The WHO had previously outlined a goal of lowering global inactivity by 10 percent by the year 2025, but considering the fact that these statistics have not differed much since 2001, the WHO estimates that their goal will likely not be met.

Disponível em: <https://allthatsinteresting.com/worlds-laziest-countries> Acesso em 10 set. 2018
A
V, V, V, F, V
B
V, V, F, F, V
C
F, V, V, V, V
D
V, F, F, V, F
7c67fc28-b3
IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

O texto acima tem por objetivo

Texto para a questão.

Brazil National Museum: as much as 90% of collection destroyed in fire
Building was not insured, the museum’s deputy director said, but some pieces survived including the Bendegó meteorite.

As much as 90% of the collection at Brazil’s National Museum was destroyed in a devastating fire on Sunday and – compounding the disaster – the building was not insured, according to the museum’s deputy director.
Some pieces survived, including the famous Bendegó meteorite and a library of 500,000 books – including works dating back to the days of the Portuguese empire – which was kept in a separate annex, Cristiana Serejo told reporters in front of the building’s blackened shell.
But it was still not possible to say how much of the collection had escaped the flames, Serejo said. “It could be 10%, it could be 15, it could be 20,” she said. “We had a very big loss.”
The museum’s Egyptology collection was completely destroyed, Serejo said.
Researchers who were able to enter one area of the building in Rio de Janeiro are starting to catalogue what little is left, said Serejo, who appealed to members of the public to return any items they found.
Asked if the museum was insured, she screwed up her face in mock anguish, and shook her head.
“I hope we learn from this,” she said. “Other public buildings are in the same situation.”

Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/04/brazil-national-museum-fire-collection-destroyed-notinsured> Acesso em 07 set. 2018 (Adaptado)
A
informar que houve o incêndio do Museu Nacional e destacar o pedido de ajuda da vice-diretora do museu às autoridades e aos membros da comunidade.
B
propor maneiras de se evitar graves incêndios em museus, como assegurar as coleções Egípcias dos museus e as bibliotecas.
C
informar sobre o incêndio do Museu Nacional por meio de dados e depoimento da vice-diretora do museu.
D
informar que os pesquisadores já conseguiram catalogar quase tudo o que foi salvo no incêndio do Museu Nacional.
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IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension, Tradução | Translation

Observe a seguinte frase:

“And yet and yet. Whatever accommodation he reached with his first wife in life hasn't survived her death. Diana haunts Charles”.

Uma tradução para o termo grifado “Whatever” no context da frase seria:

• Leia o texto e responda às questões:
How has Princess Diana's death changed the Royal Family?
The death of Princess Diana in 1997, and the public's response to it, shook the House of Windsor.

Twenty years on, there's been a coup at the palace. It was bloodless. All the royals remain standing. But the power has shifted.
The departure, earlier this month, of the Queen's dedicated senior official Sir Christopher Geidt has meant her eldest son can exert more control over the monarchy's direction of travel.
The comings and goings of courtiers excite those on the inside and leave outsiders cold.
However, recent changes should cheer Prince Charles. The heir who's waited and waited is more content and less anguished.
He's still driven by a desire to deliver change but the royal prophet in the wilderness on climate change has been embraced by the mainstream.
A prince once derided for talking to plants is praised for trying to save the planet.
With each year that passes, his mother will do less and he will do more.
There are fewer clouds on his horizon. It's a horizon that was once obscured by the War of the Waleses:
his televised admission of adultery, and his leaked comments about tampons.

Lasting influence

And yet, and yet. Whatever accommodation he reached with his first wife in life hasn't survived her death. Diana haunts Charles.
A recent YouGov poll commissioned by the Press Association suggested that the number of people who believe the Prince of Wales has made a positive contribution to the Royal Family has fallen over the past four years, down from 60% to 36%.
This polling took place at a time when it was hard to escape references to Charles's painful past.
Newspapers and television channels have reflected at length on the influence of Diana, Princess of Wales, an influence that stretched from fashion to the British monarchy.
It's been a month of coverage that must have perplexed anyone under the age of 25 and would have confused a visiting Martian.
Charles's many supporters will argue that Diana's adverse impact on his popularity will recede with each passing year. But 20 years on, her influence still registers.(...)

Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41094816/. Acesso em: Agosto de 2017)


A
Alguma das reconciliações.
B
Qualquer que seja a reconciliação.
C
Quais reconciliações.
D
Nenhuma das reconciliações.
679aeb2a-b3
IF Sul - MG 2017 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

Escolha a alternativa FALSA sobre o texto:

• Leia o texto e responda às questões:
How has Princess Diana's death changed the Royal Family?
The death of Princess Diana in 1997, and the public's response to it, shook the House of Windsor.

Twenty years on, there's been a coup at the palace. It was bloodless. All the royals remain standing. But the power has shifted.
The departure, earlier this month, of the Queen's dedicated senior official Sir Christopher Geidt has meant her eldest son can exert more control over the monarchy's direction of travel.
The comings and goings of courtiers excite those on the inside and leave outsiders cold.
However, recent changes should cheer Prince Charles. The heir who's waited and waited is more content and less anguished.
He's still driven by a desire to deliver change but the royal prophet in the wilderness on climate change has been embraced by the mainstream.
A prince once derided for talking to plants is praised for trying to save the planet.
With each year that passes, his mother will do less and he will do more.
There are fewer clouds on his horizon. It's a horizon that was once obscured by the War of the Waleses:
his televised admission of adultery, and his leaked comments about tampons.

Lasting influence

And yet, and yet. Whatever accommodation he reached with his first wife in life hasn't survived her death. Diana haunts Charles.
A recent YouGov poll commissioned by the Press Association suggested that the number of people who believe the Prince of Wales has made a positive contribution to the Royal Family has fallen over the past four years, down from 60% to 36%.
This polling took place at a time when it was hard to escape references to Charles's painful past.
Newspapers and television channels have reflected at length on the influence of Diana, Princess of Wales, an influence that stretched from fashion to the British monarchy.
It's been a month of coverage that must have perplexed anyone under the age of 25 and would have confused a visiting Martian.
Charles's many supporters will argue that Diana's adverse impact on his popularity will recede with each passing year. But 20 years on, her influence still registers.(...)

Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41094816/. Acesso em: Agosto de 2017)


A
O texto se inicia com a notícia de que a morte da princesa Diana em 1997 acabou abalando a casa de Windsor e que vinte anos depois, há um golpe no palácio, mas não sangrento.Todos os membros da realeza permanecem em seus postos, porém a capacidade de reter o poder mudou.
B
Há menção ao príncipe Charles, que uma vez foi ridicularizado por falar com as plantas,e agora é louvado por tentar salvar o planeta.
C
Foi feita uma pesquisa recente pela YouGov, encomendada pela Associação de Imprensa, e nesta pesquisa é sugerido que o número de pessoas que acreditam que o Príncipe de Gales (Charles) contribuiu negativamente para a Família Real caiu nos últimos quatro anos de 60% para 36%.
D
Fica claro no fim do texto que os muitos defensores de Charles argumentarão que o impacto adverso da princesa Diana em sua popularidade irá diminuir com cada ano que passa.
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IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

TEXTO 3:


THIS SIMPLE MIND TRICK CAN INSTANTLY BOOST

YOUR WILLPOWER BY

ELISA ROLAND



A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through, whether it’s sticking to a spending plan or finishing that great American novel.

And if you want to increase that willpower, you just simply have to believe you have it, suggests a new study supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

“What matters most is what we think about our willpower,” leader study author Christopher Napolitano, educational psychology professor at the University of Illinois told the University of Illinois News Bureau. “When we view our willpower as limited, it’s similar to a muscle that gets tired and needs rest. If we believe it is a finite resource, we act that way, feeling exhausted and needing breaks between demanding mental tasks, while people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead.”

Napolitano and study co-author Veronika Job of the University of Zurich tested the validity of the Implicit Theory of Willpower for Strenuous Mental Activities Scale, a psychological assessment tool. They asked 1,100 Americans and 1,600 Europeans to weigh in on statements such as “After a strenuous mental activity, your energy is depleted, and you must rest to get it refueled again.”

Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks, while European participants became more invigorated to keep going.

Based on the findings, Napolitano suggests that the key to amp up your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it.

“Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave—but these feelings are changeable,” he said. “Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on development, leading to healthier behaviors and perceptions of others.”

Now that you have the drive, make sure you have the other winning attributes all successful people have in common.

Available at: <https://www.rd.com/advice/work-career/trick-boost-willpower/>.


Verifique se as sentenças abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas de acordo com o texto:


( ) Um novo estudo sugere que a chave para aumentar sua força de vontade é acreditar que você tem uma oferta abundante dela.

( ) Pessoas que acreditam que sua força de vontade é finita não conseguem realizar tarefas mentais mais exigentes.

( ) O estudo revelou que os Americanos eram propensos a admitir a necessidade de pausas após a conclusão de tarefas mentalmente desafiadoras.

( ) Segundo Napolitano, os sentimentos sobre a força de vontade afetam a maneira como um indivíduo se comporta, porém esses sentimentos não são mutáveis.


Assinale a sequência correta:

A
F, V, V, F.
B
F, F, F, V.
C
V, F, F, V.
D
V, F, V, F.
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IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A referência da palavra “them” em "Headlight technology has advanced considerably in recent years, but while that may be better for the drivers of those particular vehicles, it is presenting an unwanted, new road safety risk for anyone driving towards them or even trying to pull out at a junction.” (6th paragraph) é:

TEXTO 2:


                 

 

                                                                                                    24 March 2018


             Drivers are being temporarily blinded by modern vehicle

                       headlights, according to an RAC survey.


      Two-thirds of drivers say they are "regularly dazzled" by oncoming headlights even though they are dipped, the survey of 2,061 motorists suggests.

      And 67% of those said it can take up to fi ve seconds for their sight to clear with a further 10% claiming the eff ect on their eyes lasts up to 10 seconds.

The RAC said advances in headlight technology were causing the problem.

      About 15% of those drivers polled said they had nearly suff ered a collision as a result of being dazzled by other drivers using full-beam headlights.


'Unwanted risk'


      RAC road safety spokesman Pete Williams said: "The intensity and brightness of some new car headlights is clearly causing diffi culty for other road users.

      "Headlight technology has advanced considerably in recent years, but while that may be better for the drivers of those particular vehicles, it is presenting an unwanted, new road safety risk for anyone driving towards them or even trying to pull out at a junction.”

      All cars sold for road use in the UK have to be fi tted with headlamps that conform to standards set by the EU in line with the UN's World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.

      A UN working party is currently looking at the issue of headlight glare with its next meeting due to be held at the end of next month.

Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43525525>

A
junction
B
Headlight technology
C
recent years
D
vehicles
b13111c4-ce
IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A pesquisa realizada por uma empresa do Reino Unido constatou que os faróis de veículos modernos

TEXTO 2:


                 

 

                                                                                                    24 March 2018


             Drivers are being temporarily blinded by modern vehicle

                       headlights, according to an RAC survey.


      Two-thirds of drivers say they are "regularly dazzled" by oncoming headlights even though they are dipped, the survey of 2,061 motorists suggests.

      And 67% of those said it can take up to fi ve seconds for their sight to clear with a further 10% claiming the eff ect on their eyes lasts up to 10 seconds.

The RAC said advances in headlight technology were causing the problem.

      About 15% of those drivers polled said they had nearly suff ered a collision as a result of being dazzled by other drivers using full-beam headlights.


'Unwanted risk'


      RAC road safety spokesman Pete Williams said: "The intensity and brightness of some new car headlights is clearly causing diffi culty for other road users.

      "Headlight technology has advanced considerably in recent years, but while that may be better for the drivers of those particular vehicles, it is presenting an unwanted, new road safety risk for anyone driving towards them or even trying to pull out at a junction.”

      All cars sold for road use in the UK have to be fi tted with headlamps that conform to standards set by the EU in line with the UN's World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.

      A UN working party is currently looking at the issue of headlight glare with its next meeting due to be held at the end of next month.

Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43525525>

A
demoram até cinco segundos para acender.
B
possuem problemas de intensidade e brilho.
C
oferecem risco considerável à visibilidade dos usuários desses veículos.
D
prejudicam a segurança de motoristas que trafegam na direção oposta.
b129ada3-ce
IF Sul - MG 2018 - Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

O serviço de streaming de vídeo You Tube, anunciou a decisão de

TEXTO 1:


               YOUTUBE TO BAN VIDEOS PROMOTING GUN SALES

                                                            By NIRAJ CHOKSHI    MARCH 22, 2018


      YouTube said this week that it would tighten restrictions on some firearm videos, its latest policy announcement since coming under scrutiny after last month’s mass shooting at a high school in Parkland, Fla.

      The video-streaming service, which is owned by Google, said it would ban videos that promote either the construction or sale of firearms and their accessories. The new policy, developed with expert advice over the last four months, will go into effect next month, it said.

      “While we’ve long prohibited the sale of firearms, we recently notified creators of updates we will be making around content promoting the sale or manufacture of firearms and their accessories, specifically, items like ammunition, gatling triggers, and drop-in auto sears,” YouTube said in a statement.

      YouTube, which described the move as part of “regular changes” to policy, notified users in a Monday forum post. The company had previously banned videos showing how to make firearms discharge faster, a technique used by the gunman who killed 58 people in Las Vegas last fall.

      The announcement comes days before planned student-led protests against gun violence on Saturday. It was met with frustration from gun rights advocates.

      “Much like Facebook, YouTube now acts as a virtual public square,” the National Shooting Sports Foundation, a private group representing gun makers, said in a statement. “The exercise of what amounts to censorship, then, can legitimately be viewed as the stifling of commercial free speech, which has constitutional protection. Such actions also impinge on the Second Amendment.”

      The policy shift comes as YouTube and other technology platforms face increased scrutiny after the Parkland shooting, in which 17 people were killed at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.

      Days after that massacre, a video promoting a baseless conspiracy about a shooting survivor became the top-trending video on YouTube, prompting a crackdown on such videos. YouTube’s chief executive also said that the platform planned to fight misinformation by working in partnership with Wikipedia, the nonprofit userrun online encyclopedia. But Wikipedia said it knew nothing about that plan.

      Other businesses have also made changes amid growing pressure following the Parkland attack.

      Dick’s Sporting Goods, Walmart and Kroger all raised the age limit for firearm purchases to 21. The retail chains REI and Mountain Equipment Co-op suspended orders of some popular products because the company that owns those brands, Vista Outdoor, also manufactures assault-style rifles.

      In 2016, Facebook announced a ban on private gun sales on its flagship website as well as on Instagram, the photo-sharing social network it owns. Anti-gun activists have complained that sellers still found ways around Facebook’s ban.

Available at:<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/business/youtube-gun-ban.h...m_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=5&pgtype=sectionfront>. 

A
aumentar o limite de idade para vendas de armas privadas.
B
proibir vídeos sobre a violência armada contra estudantes.
C
promover vídeos sobre fabricação de armas e seus acessórios.
D
restringir as políticas sobre vídeos que promovem armas de fogo.