Questõesde ENEM sobre Inglês
Disponível em: http://www.weblogcartoons.com. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2010.
Os aparelhos eletrônicos contam com um número cada
vez maior de recursos. O autor do desenho detalha os diferentes acessórios e características de um celular e, a
julgar pela maneira como os descreve, ele
Crystal Ball
Come see your life in my crystal glass -
Twenty-five cents is all you pay.
Let me look into your past -
Here's what you had for lunch today:
Tuna salad and mashed potatoes,
Collard greens pea soup and apple juice,
Chocolate milk and lemon mousse.
You admit I've got told it all?
Well, I know it, I confess,
Not by looking, in my ball,
But just by looking at your dress.
SILVERSTEIN, S. Falling up. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.
A curiosidade a respeito do futuro pode exercer um
fascínio peculiar sobre algumas pessoas, a ponto de
colocá-las em situações inusitadas. Na letra da música
Crystal Ball, essa situação fica evidente quando é
revelado à pessoa que ela
Crystal Ball
Come see your life in my crystal glass -
Twenty-five cents is all you pay.
Let me look into your past -
Here's what you had for lunch today:
Tuna salad and mashed potatoes,
Collard greens pea soup and apple juice,
Chocolate milk and lemon mousse.
You admit I've got told it all?
Well, I know it, I confess,
Not by looking, in my ball,
But just by looking at your dress.
SILVERSTEIN, S. Falling up. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.
A curiosidade a respeito do futuro pode exercer um
fascínio peculiar sobre algumas pessoas, a ponto de
colocá-las em situações inusitadas. Na letra da música
Crystal Ball, essa situação fica evidente quando é
revelado à pessoa que ela
Hip hop music
Hip hop music is a musical genre which developed as
part of hip hop culture, and is defined by key stylistic
elements such as rapping, DJing, sampling (or synthesis),
scratching and beatboxing. Hip hop began in the South
Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often
used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop denotes the
practices of an entire subculture.
Disponível em: http://en.wikipedia.org. Acesso em: 8 jul. 2010.
Brazilian hip hop is one of the world's major hip hop
scenes, with active rap, break dance, and graffiti scenes,
especially in São Paulo, where groups tend to have a
more international style, influenced by old school hip hop
and gangsta rap.
Brazilian rap has served as a reflection of political,
social, and racial issues plaguing the disenfranchised
youth in the suburbs of São Paulo and Rio. The lyrical
content, band names, and song names used by Brazilian
hip hop artists often connote the socio-political issues
surrounding their communities.
Disponível em: http://en.wikipedia.org. Acesso em: 8 jul. 2010 (fragmento).
Sendo a música uma das formas de manifestação cultural
de um país, o rap brasileiro, a partir das informações do
texto, tem sido caracterizado
The six-year molars
The six-year molars are the first permanent teeth. They
are the “keystone” of the dental arch. They are also
extremely susceptible to decay.
Parents have to understand that these teeth are very
important. Over 25% of 6 to 7 year old children have
beginning cavities in one of the molars.
The early loss of one of these molars causes serious
problems in childhood and adult life. It is never easy for
parents to make kids take care of their teeth. Even so,
parents have to insist and never give up.
Módulo do Ensino Integrado: Fundamental, Médio, Profissional- DCL.
O texto aborda uma temática inerente ao processo
de desenvolvimento do ser humano, a dentição.
Há informação quantificada na mensagem quando
se diz que as cáries dos dentes mencionados
começam em crianças acima dos 7 anos.
Languages and cultures use non-verbal communication
which conveys meaning. Although many gestures are
similar in Thai and English such as nodding for affirmation
many others are not shared. A good example of this is
the ubiquitous “Thai smile”. The “smile” carries a far wider
range of meanings in Thai than it does in English culture.
This can sometimes lead to serious communication
breakdowns between Thais and English speakers.
An example from my own early experience in Thailand
illustrates the point. When confronting the Thai owner of a
language school with administrative problems, complaints
regarding student numbers in the class were met by a
beaming smile and little else. I took this to mean lack of
concern or an attempt to trivialise or ignore the problem.
I left the discussion upset and angry by what appeared to
be the owner's offhand attitude to my problems.
It was only later when another native speaking English
teacher, with considerably more experience of Thailand,
explained that a smile meant an apology and the fact that
the following day all my complaints had been addressed,
that I fully understood the situation.
Disponível em: www.spring.org.uk. Acesso em: 11 jul. 2011 (fragmento)
Viver em um país estrangeiro pode ser uma experiência
enriquecedora, embora possa também ser um desafio,
pelo choque cultural. A experiência relatada pelo autor
do texto revela diferentes atribuições de sentido a um
determinado comportamento, mostrando que naquela
situação o sorriso indicava um(a)
Languages and cultures use non-verbal communication which conveys meaning. Although many gestures are similar in Thai and English such as nodding for affirmation many others are not shared. A good example of this is the ubiquitous “Thai smile”. The “smile” carries a far wider range of meanings in Thai than it does in English culture. This can sometimes lead to serious communication breakdowns between Thais and English speakers.
An example from my own early experience in Thailand illustrates the point. When confronting the Thai owner of a language school with administrative problems, complaints regarding student numbers in the class were met by a beaming smile and little else. I took this to mean lack of concern or an attempt to trivialise or ignore the problem. I left the discussion upset and angry by what appeared to be the owner's offhand attitude to my problems.
It was only later when another native speaking English teacher, with considerably more experience of Thailand, explained that a smile meant an apology and the fact that the following day all my complaints had been addressed, that I fully understood the situation.
Disponível em: www.spring.org.uk. Acesso em: 11 jul. 2011 (fragmento)
Viver em um país estrangeiro pode ser uma experiência
enriquecedora, embora possa também ser um desafio,
pelo choque cultural. A experiência relatada pelo autor
do texto revela diferentes atribuições de sentido a um
determinado comportamento, mostrando que naquela
situação o sorriso indicava um(a)
Tennesse Mountain Properties
Description
Own a renovated house for less than $290 per
month!!!!!!!! New windows, siding, flooring (laminate
throughout and tile in entry way and bathroom), kitchen
cabinets, counter top, back door, fresh paint and laundry
on main floor. Heat billsare very low due to a good solid
house and an energy efficient furnace.
Disponível em: www.freerealestaeads.net .Acesso em: 30 nov. 2011(adaptado).
Em jornais, há diversos anúncios que servem aos
leitores. O conteúdo do anúncio veiculado por este texto
interessará a alguém que esteja procurando
I read a study that measured the efficiency of
I
locomotion for various species on the planet. The condor
used the least energy to move a kilometer. Humans came
in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the
way down the list ... That didn't look so good, but then
someone at Scientific American had the insight to test
the efficiency of locomotion for a man on a bicycle.
And a man on a bicycle blew the condor away. That's what
a computer is to me: the computer is the most remarkable
tool that we've ever come up with. It's the equivalent of a
bicycle for our minds.
JOBS, S. Disponível em: www.msnbc.msn.com. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012 (adaptado)
Ao abordar o deslocamento de várias espécies, com
base em um estudo que leu, Steve Jobs apresenta o
computador como uma ferramenta que
I read a study that measured the efficiency of I locomotion for various species on the planet. The condor used the least energy to move a kilometer. Humans came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down the list ... That didn't look so good, but then someone at Scientific American had the insight to test the efficiency of locomotion for a man on a bicycle. And a man on a bicycle blew the condor away. That's what a computer is to me: the computer is the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with. It's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds.
JOBS, S. Disponível em: www.msnbc.msn.com. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012 (adaptado)
Ao abordar o deslocamento de várias espécies, com
base em um estudo que leu, Steve Jobs apresenta o
computador como uma ferramenta que
Turning Brown
A four-year-old boy was eating an apple in the back
seat of the car, when he asked, “Daddy, why is my apple
turning brown?”
“Because,” his dad explained, “after you ate the skin
off, the meat of the apple came into contact with the air,
which caused it to oxidize, thus changing the molecular
structure and turning it into a different color.”
There was a long silence. Then the son asked softly,
“Daddy, are you talking to me?”
Disponível em: http://hayspost.com. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2011.
Considerando os participantes da conversa nessa
piada, nota-se que o efeito de humor é obtido em função
Disponível em: http://1.bp.blogspot.com. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2012.
Implementar políticas adequadas de alimentação e
nutrição é uma meta prioritária em vários países do
mundo. A partir da campanha If you can't read it, why
eat it?, os leitores são alertados para o perigo de
Placas como a da gravura são usadas para orientar
os usuários de um espaço urbano. Essa placa,
especificamente, tem a função de avisar que somente
Placas como a da gravura são usadas para orientar
os usuários de um espaço urbano. Essa placa,
especificamente, tem a função de avisar que somente
Movie: Hijras - The Third Gender
Director: Devika Urvashi Bhisé
Duration: 29 minutes
Hijras are the outcastes of Indian society and live on its fringes. These eunuchs (originally only castrated males)
were once employed by sultans and maharajas to guard the women in their harems. Now shunned by society, they
are treated with less respect than the Dalits, or untouchables. Considered neither men nor women, Hijras have no
constitutional rights. Currently, there is an ongoing debate in India regarding whether or not they should be granted the
status of a third gender.
Most hijras are genetically born as men, but believe they are women within. The rest are hermaphrodites with some
abnormality in genitalia. For those born men, becoming a hijra is a painful process that involves removing the entire
genitalia in a secret ceremony that is often undergone without any anesthetic.
Currently, most hijras have only three ways in which they can make a living: prostitution, begging, and as performing
shamans removing bad luck and/or spells from suspicious Indian households. Sex work is one of the only options for
hijras because there are few employment opportunities available to them. Hijras are most commonly seen knocking on
car windows, begging for money at stoplights. Although hijras are feared for their dissimilarities, they are also revered
for their alleged mystical abilities. Most Indian families seek their blessings during any auspicious ceremony such as a
birth, a wedding, or the building of a new house.
As pariahs of society, they are subjected to prejudice that is often translated into verbal abuse, humiliation, extreme
discrimination, and violence in public as well as private venues. I have documented a short film to create awareness of
the plight of this segment of society and allow their voices to be heard. I was privileged to share this community's inner
life and have tried to capture its stark reality as a friend rather than a voyeur. The filming took place from June 2008 to
September 2008 in various cities and locations in India.
Disponível em: www.engendered.org. Acesso em: 25 fev. 2012.
O filme Hijras - The Third Gender tem como objetivo chamar atenção para a situação vivida por um segmento da
sociedade indiana, os hijras. De acordo com o que se captura dessas vozes no filme e do que se lê no texto, esse
segmento reivindica
Movie: Hijras - The Third Gender
Director: Devika Urvashi Bhisé
Duration: 29 minutes
Hijras are the outcastes of Indian society and live on its fringes. These eunuchs (originally only castrated males)
were once employed by sultans and maharajas to guard the women in their harems. Now shunned by society, they
are treated with less respect than the Dalits, or untouchables. Considered neither men nor women, Hijras have no
constitutional rights. Currently, there is an ongoing debate in India regarding whether or not they should be granted the
status of a third gender.
Most hijras are genetically born as men, but believe they are women within. The rest are hermaphrodites with some abnormality in genitalia. For those born men, becoming a hijra is a painful process that involves removing the entire genitalia in a secret ceremony that is often undergone without any anesthetic.
Currently, most hijras have only three ways in which they can make a living: prostitution, begging, and as performing shamans removing bad luck and/or spells from suspicious Indian households. Sex work is one of the only options for hijras because there are few employment opportunities available to them. Hijras are most commonly seen knocking on car windows, begging for money at stoplights. Although hijras are feared for their dissimilarities, they are also revered for their alleged mystical abilities. Most Indian families seek their blessings during any auspicious ceremony such as a birth, a wedding, or the building of a new house.
As pariahs of society, they are subjected to prejudice that is often translated into verbal abuse, humiliation, extreme discrimination, and violence in public as well as private venues. I have documented a short film to create awareness of the plight of this segment of society and allow their voices to be heard. I was privileged to share this community's inner life and have tried to capture its stark reality as a friend rather than a voyeur. The filming took place from June 2008 to September 2008 in various cities and locations in India.
Disponível em: www.engendered.org. Acesso em: 25 fev. 2012.
O filme Hijras - The Third Gender tem como objetivo chamar atenção para a situação vivida por um segmento da sociedade indiana, os hijras. De acordo com o que se captura dessas vozes no filme e do que se lê no texto, esse segmento reivindica
Tirinhas são construídas a partir de contextos sociais e podem promover reflexões diversas. Essa tirinha provoca no
leitor uma reflexão acerca da
Tirinhas são construídas a partir de contextos sociais e podem promover reflexões diversas. Essa tirinha provoca no
leitor uma reflexão acerca da
Cyberbullying is harassment through electronic
means such as telephone text messages, social media
such as Facebook and Twitter or online blogs and bulletin
boards. In normal bullying, students are given a daily
break from the torment as bully and victim each go to their
separate homes. But for victims of cyberbullying, there is
no reprieve, as the abuse enters into their private lives. In
the US, there are at least 44 states that have anti-bullying
laws on the books. While only six of them use the actual
word “cyberbullying”, 31 others have laws that specifically
mention “electronic harassment”.
Prosecution in the UK is a little more difficult. While
all schools are required to have anti-bullying policies
in place, cyberbullying itself is not named as a criminal
offence. Offenders in the UK would have to be charged
under various other laws, including the Protection from
Harassment Act of 2003. This makes prosecution much
more difficult.
Authorities agree that in order to stop cyberbullying,
there has to be parental involvement. Parents need to
be vigilant about their children’s access to technology.
They should monitor their children’s use of social media,
especially children under the age of 14. Bullies are not
going to simply disappear, but parents can go a long way
in protecting their children from being bullied.
Go! English, ano II, n. 14 (fragmento).
De acordo com o texto, nos Estados Unidos, alguns estados
têm leis específicas para assédio via meios eletrônicos.
Já no Reino Unido, a instauração de processos contra
praticantes de cyberbullying é mais difícil porque
Cyberbullying is harassment through electronic means such as telephone text messages, social media such as Facebook and Twitter or online blogs and bulletin boards. In normal bullying, students are given a daily break from the torment as bully and victim each go to their separate homes. But for victims of cyberbullying, there is no reprieve, as the abuse enters into their private lives. In the US, there are at least 44 states that have anti-bullying laws on the books. While only six of them use the actual word “cyberbullying”, 31 others have laws that specifically mention “electronic harassment”.
Prosecution in the UK is a little more difficult. While all schools are required to have anti-bullying policies in place, cyberbullying itself is not named as a criminal offence. Offenders in the UK would have to be charged under various other laws, including the Protection from Harassment Act of 2003. This makes prosecution much more difficult.
Authorities agree that in order to stop cyberbullying, there has to be parental involvement. Parents need to be vigilant about their children’s access to technology. They should monitor their children’s use of social media, especially children under the age of 14. Bullies are not going to simply disappear, but parents can go a long way in protecting their children from being bullied.
Go! English, ano II, n. 14 (fragmento).
De acordo com o texto, nos Estados Unidos, alguns estados têm leis específicas para assédio via meios eletrônicos. Já no Reino Unido, a instauração de processos contra praticantes de cyberbullying é mais difícil porque
The art of happiness
Nearly every time you see him, he’s laughing or at
least smiling. And he makes everyone else around him
feel like smiling. He’s the Dalai Lama, the spiritual and
temporal leader of Tibet, a Nobel Prize winner, and an
increasingly popular speaker and statesman. Why is he
so popular? Even after spending only a few minutes in
his presence you can’t help feeling happier. If you ask
him if he’s happy, even though he’s suffered the loss of
his country, the Dalai Lama will give you an unconditional
yes. What’s more, he’ll tell you that happiness is the
purpose of life, and that “the very motion of our life is towards happiness”. How to get there has always been
the question. He’s tried to answer it before, but he’s never
had the help of a psychiatrist to get the message across in
a context we can easily understand.
LAMA, D.; CUTLER, H. The Art of Happiness: a handbook for living. Putnam Books, 1998.
Pelo título e pela sinopse do livro de Lama e Cutler,
constata-se que o tema da obra é
The art of happiness
Nearly every time you see him, he’s laughing or at least smiling. And he makes everyone else around him feel like smiling. He’s the Dalai Lama, the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, a Nobel Prize winner, and an increasingly popular speaker and statesman. Why is he so popular? Even after spending only a few minutes in his presence you can’t help feeling happier. If you ask him if he’s happy, even though he’s suffered the loss of his country, the Dalai Lama will give you an unconditional yes. What’s more, he’ll tell you that happiness is the purpose of life, and that “the very motion of our life is towards happiness”. How to get there has always been the question. He’s tried to answer it before, but he’s never had the help of a psychiatrist to get the message across in a context we can easily understand.
LAMA, D.; CUTLER, H. The Art of Happiness: a handbook for living. Putnam Books, 1998.
Pelo título e pela sinopse do livro de Lama e Cutler,
constata-se que o tema da obra é
BELL, D. Disponível em: www.candorville.com. Acesso em: 29 fev. 2012.
Com base nas informações verbais e no contexto social da tirinha, infere-se que o cliente
BELL, D. Disponível em: www.candorville.com. Acesso em: 29 fev. 2012.
Com base nas informações verbais e no contexto social da tirinha, infere-se que o cliente
Ebonics
The word ebonics is made up of two words. Ebony,
which means black and phonics, which refers to sound.
It is a systematic rule-governed natural speech that is
consistent as any other language in sentence structure.
This is referred to as syntax. What makes this speech
pattern uniquely different to “so called” American Standard
English is its verb tense or lack of it. An example of this
can be seen in the sentence, “He is sick today”. This same
sentence translated in ebonics would read, “He sick today”.
As you can see the verb has been omitted. However, this
speech pattern is consistently used. Major controversy
has arisen whether or not ebonics is a separate language
or simply a dialect. In doing my research, I have found that
most linguists take the position that ebonics is a dialect.
What distinguishes dialect from language is that in dialect
two speakers share most or some of the same vocabulary
and is recognizable and understandable. In contrast,
separate languages are present only when the inability to
communicate verbally occurs.
Disponível em: www.writework.com. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2011 (adaptado)
A linguística é a ciência que se interessa pela linguagem
humana em seus mais diferentes aspectos, e assim nos
ajuda a pensar sobre a diversidade cultural e linguística.
Nesse texto, a questão da diversidade linguística é
discutida por meio
Ebonics
The word ebonics is made up of two words. Ebony,
which means black and phonics, which refers to sound.
It is a systematic rule-governed natural speech that is
consistent as any other language in sentence structure.
This is referred to as syntax. What makes this speech
pattern uniquely different to “so called” American Standard
English is its verb tense or lack of it. An example of this
can be seen in the sentence, “He is sick today”. This same
sentence translated in ebonics would read, “He sick today”.
As you can see the verb has been omitted. However, this
speech pattern is consistently used. Major controversy
has arisen whether or not ebonics is a separate language
or simply a dialect. In doing my research, I have found that
most linguists take the position that ebonics is a dialect.
What distinguishes dialect from language is that in dialect
two speakers share most or some of the same vocabulary
and is recognizable and understandable. In contrast,
separate languages are present only when the inability to
communicate verbally occurs.
Disponível em: www.writework.com. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2011 (adaptado)
A linguística é a ciência que se interessa pela linguagem
humana em seus mais diferentes aspectos, e assim nos
ajuda a pensar sobre a diversidade cultural e linguística.
Nesse texto, a questão da diversidade linguística é
discutida por meio
Our currency
Australia was the first country in the world to have a
complete system of bank notes made from plastic (polymer).
These notes provide much greater security against
counterfeiting. They also last four times as long as
conventional paper (fibrous) notes.
The innovative technology with which Australian bank
notes are produced — developed entirely in Australia —
offers artists brilliant scope for the creation of images that
reflect the history and natural environment of Australia. At the
same time, the polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes
and easily recyclable. Australia's currency comprises coins of
5, 10, 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations;
and notes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollar denominations.
AUSTRALIA GOVERNMENT. About Australia. Disponível em: www.newzealand.com.
Acesso em: 7 dez. 2011.
O governo da Austrália, por meio de seu Departamento
de Assuntos Estrangeiros, divulga inovações tecnológicas
desse país. Associando as informações apresentadas na
busca pelo tema, percebe-se que o texto se refere
Our currency
Australia was the first country in the world to have a complete system of bank notes made from plastic (polymer). These notes provide much greater security against counterfeiting. They also last four times as long as conventional paper (fibrous) notes.
The innovative technology with which Australian bank notes are produced — developed entirely in Australia — offers artists brilliant scope for the creation of images that reflect the history and natural environment of Australia. At the same time, the polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes and easily recyclable. Australia's currency comprises coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations; and notes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollar denominations.
AUSTRALIA GOVERNMENT. About Australia. Disponível em: www.newzealand.com. Acesso em: 7 dez. 2011.
O governo da Austrália, por meio de seu Departamento de Assuntos Estrangeiros, divulga inovações tecnológicas desse país. Associando as informações apresentadas na busca pelo tema, percebe-se que o texto se refere
Scared fit
My body was telling me things I did not want to hear. In February 2010, my doctor confirmed what my body was
telling me. My not feeling well was a result of years of neglecting my body and diet. At 62, I had developed high blood
pressure, type 2 diabetes, and my cholesterol was going through the roof. At 4' 10” and weighing 227 pounds, the
problem was in the mirror looking back at me. My doctor said, “lose weight, start eating healthy, and start exercising if you
want to live to a ripe old age”. Needless to say, I was scared I wouldn't see my grandkids and great-grandkids grow up.
PAZ, A. Disponível em: www.healthandfitnessmag.com. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012.
No texto Scared fit, que relata a experiência de Amanda de la Paz relacionada aos cuidados com a saúde, a palavra
scared faz referência ao seu medo de
Scared fit
My body was telling me things I did not want to hear. In February 2010, my doctor confirmed what my body was telling me. My not feeling well was a result of years of neglecting my body and diet. At 62, I had developed high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and my cholesterol was going through the roof. At 4' 10” and weighing 227 pounds, the problem was in the mirror looking back at me. My doctor said, “lose weight, start eating healthy, and start exercising if you want to live to a ripe old age”. Needless to say, I was scared I wouldn't see my grandkids and great-grandkids grow up.
PAZ, A. Disponível em: www.healthandfitnessmag.com. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012.
No texto Scared fit, que relata a experiência de Amanda de la Paz relacionada aos cuidados com a saúde, a palavra scared faz referência ao seu medo de
Home is where the heart is
The heart of psychosocial care is to be found in the home and it is here that the main trust of external
efforts to improve the wellbeing of vulnerable children must be directed. The best way to support the wellbeing
of young children affected by HIV/AIDS is to strengthen and reinforce the circles of care that surround children.
Some children — especially those living outside families, on the streets or institutions, with chronically ill caregivers,
and orphans — are more vulnerable and especially require psychosocial care and support. However, this social
support needs to be provided in family settings, with the same characteristics of commitment, stability, and
individualized affectionate care. The primary aim of all psychosocial support programmes should be an encouraging
and enabling family support, including foster care, and placing and maintaining young children in stable and
affectionate family environments. Only secondarily should direct services be provided to affected children.
RICHTER, L.; FOSTER, G.; SHERR, L. W here the heart is: meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS. Holanda: Bernard van Leer Foundation, 2006 (adaptado).
Ao tratar dos problemas psicossociais dos portadores do vírus HIV/AIDS, o texto argumenta que
Home is where the heart is
The heart of psychosocial care is to be found in the home and it is here that the main trust of external efforts to improve the wellbeing of vulnerable children must be directed. The best way to support the wellbeing of young children affected by HIV/AIDS is to strengthen and reinforce the circles of care that surround children. Some children — especially those living outside families, on the streets or institutions, with chronically ill caregivers, and orphans — are more vulnerable and especially require psychosocial care and support. However, this social support needs to be provided in family settings, with the same characteristics of commitment, stability, and individualized affectionate care. The primary aim of all psychosocial support programmes should be an encouraging and enabling family support, including foster care, and placing and maintaining young children in stable and affectionate family environments. Only secondarily should direct services be provided to affected children.
RICHTER, L.; FOSTER, G.; SHERR, L. W here the heart is: meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS. Holanda: Bernard van Leer Foundation, 2006 (adaptado).
Ao tratar dos problemas psicossociais dos portadores do vírus HIV/AIDS, o texto argumenta que