Analisando o texto, pode-se afirmar que a única alternativa correta relacionada ao tema é:
Water Availability and Access
Water availability and access are key constraints to poverty reduction and food security. Maintaining
enough water for agriculture of reasonable quality will be increasingly difficult due to climate change,
competition for water with industries, urban uses and the environment, and the need to produce
biofuels. Much of the world is faced with a situation where water supplies for various uses are
overallocated, with river flows much reduced, groundwater levels dropping, and important
ecosystems threatened - a situation of physical water scarcity. Much of this is driven by agricultural
water use. In other parts of the world, availability of water in rivers, wetlands, and aquifers is ample,
but access is difficult because people have not found means to develop the water resource - a
situation of economic water scarcity. Adaptive management strategies are required to balance
decreasing availability with increasing demand, while coping with uncertainties. These include water
allocation strategies, development of appropriate types of water storage ranging from small ponds to
large reservoirs and from surface structures to managed aquifers, and adopting policies that provide
incentives to use water differently. As new water infrastructure is a key strategy for improving secure
access for agriculture, the theme considers various benefits and costs of infrastructural development.
The overall aim is to maintain equity in water access, agricultural productivity, human health and
environmental quality in the face of increasing water scarcity at local, basin and transboundary
scales via development of adaptive management strategies, policy responses and tradeoffs.
Source: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/research_impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_1/index.aspx
Water availability and access are key constraints to poverty reduction and food security. Maintaining enough water for agriculture of reasonable quality will be increasingly difficult due to climate change, competition for water with industries, urban uses and the environment, and the need to produce biofuels. Much of the world is faced with a situation where water supplies for various uses are overallocated, with river flows much reduced, groundwater levels dropping, and important ecosystems threatened - a situation of physical water scarcity. Much of this is driven by agricultural water use. In other parts of the world, availability of water in rivers, wetlands, and aquifers is ample, but access is difficult because people have not found means to develop the water resource - a situation of economic water scarcity. Adaptive management strategies are required to balance decreasing availability with increasing demand, while coping with uncertainties. These include water allocation strategies, development of appropriate types of water storage ranging from small ponds to large reservoirs and from surface structures to managed aquifers, and adopting policies that provide incentives to use water differently. As new water infrastructure is a key strategy for improving secure access for agriculture, the theme considers various benefits and costs of infrastructural development. The overall aim is to maintain equity in water access, agricultural productivity, human health and environmental quality in the face of increasing water scarcity at local, basin and transboundary scales via development of adaptive management strategies, policy responses and tradeoffs.
Gabarito comentado
Alternativa correta: A
Tema central: o texto discute a disponibilidade e o acesso à água, distinguindo dois tipos de escassez — física (menos água disponível por uso excessivo) e econômica (água existe, mas falta infraestrutura/recursos para acessá‑la) — e aponta que o uso agrícola é um dos grandes responsáveis pela escassez.
Resumo teórico: - Escassez física: redução de rios, aquíferos e ecossistemas por uso excessivo — frequentemente associado à agricultura irrigada. - Escassez econômica: recursos hídricos presentes, mas sem desenvolvimento ou infraestrutura para acesso seguro. - Resposta política/gestão: alocação da água, armazenamento, políticas de incentivo ao uso eficiente e estratégias adaptativas (fonte: IWMI; FAO; UN Water).
Por que a alternativa A é correta: o texto afirma explicitamente que "Much of this is driven by agricultural water use." — ou seja, o setor agrícola, pelo uso inadequado/abusivo de água, é um fator que provoca escassez. A alternativa A reproduz essa ideia de maneira fiel.
Análise das alternativas incorretas:
B — fala em "crescente poluição das nascentes". O texto não menciona poluição de nascentes como causa central; enfatiza sobrealocação e usos concorrentes (agricultura, indústria, urbano) e tipos de escassez. Logo, é inferência não sustentada pelo enunciado.
C — cita desperdício doméstico (lavagem de carros). Embora desperdício exista, o texto destaca sobretudo o uso agrícola e a competição entre usos; não apresenta exemplos domésticos como causa principal, portanto é incorreta.
D — atribui a escassez à pobreza que leva à poluição de rios. O texto menciona pobreza apenas indiretamente (acesso) e não afirma que a pobreza causa poluição generalizada; essa alternativa mistura conceitos e não é respaldada pelo trecho.
E — refere‑se à falta de saneamento básico. Apesar de saneamento ser importante para qualidade da água, o texto trata de disponibilidade e acesso e não aponta falta de saneamento como fator-chave da escassez; assim, também não é respaldada.
Dica de prova: procure no texto palavras-chave e relações explícitas (ex.: "driven by agricultural water use"). Evite respostas que extrapolem sem suporte textual. Elimine alternativas que tragam exemplos específicos não citados ou causas diferentes das apresentadas.
Fontes sugeridas: IWMI (tema original), FAO sobre water scarcity (fao.org), UN Water (unwater.org).
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