According to the first paragraph,
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Disparity in life spans of the rich and the poor is growing
Sabrina Tavernise
February 12, 2016
Experts have long known that rich people generally
live longer than poor people. But a growing body of data
shows a more disturbing pattern: Despite big advances
in medicine, technology and education, the longevity gap
between high-income and low-income Americans has been
widening sharply.
The poor are losing ground not only in income, but also
in years of life, the most basic measure of well-being. In the
early 1970s, a 60-year-old man in the top half of the earnings
ladder could expect to live 1.2 years longer than a man of
the same age in the bottom half, according to an analysis
by the Social Security Administration. Fast-forward to 2001,
and he could expect to live 5.8 years longer than his poorer
counterpart.
New research released this month contains even more
jarring numbers. Looking at the extreme ends of the income
spectrum, economists at the Brookings Institution found that
for men born in 1920, there was a six-year difference in life
expectancy between the top 10 percent of earners and the
bottom 10 percent. For men born in 1950, that difference had
more than doubled, to 14 years. For women, the gap grew to
13 years, from 4.7 years. “There has been this huge spreading
out,” said Gary Burtless, one of the authors of the study.
The growing chasm is alarming policy makers, and has
surfaced in the presidential campaign. During a Democratic
debate, Senator Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton expressed
concern over shortening life spans for some Americans. “This
may be the next frontier of the inequality discussion,” said
Peter Orszag, a former Obama administration official now at
Citigroup, who was among the first to highlight the pattern.
The causes are still being investigated, but public health
researchers say that deep declines in smoking among the
affluent and educated may partly explain the difference.
Overall, according to the Brookings study, life expectancy
for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners improved by just
3 percent for men born in 1950 compared with those born
in 1920. For the top 10 percent, though, it jumped by about
28 percent. (The researchers used a common measure – life
expectancy at age 50 – and included data from 1984 to 2012.)
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Disparity in life spans of the rich and the poor is growing
Sabrina Tavernise
February 12, 2016
Experts have long known that rich people generally live longer than poor people. But a growing body of data shows a more disturbing pattern: Despite big advances in medicine, technology and education, the longevity gap between high-income and low-income Americans has been widening sharply.
The poor are losing ground not only in income, but also in years of life, the most basic measure of well-being. In the early 1970s, a 60-year-old man in the top half of the earnings ladder could expect to live 1.2 years longer than a man of the same age in the bottom half, according to an analysis by the Social Security Administration. Fast-forward to 2001, and he could expect to live 5.8 years longer than his poorer counterpart.
New research released this month contains even more jarring numbers. Looking at the extreme ends of the income spectrum, economists at the Brookings Institution found that for men born in 1920, there was a six-year difference in life expectancy between the top 10 percent of earners and the bottom 10 percent. For men born in 1950, that difference had more than doubled, to 14 years. For women, the gap grew to 13 years, from 4.7 years. “There has been this huge spreading out,” said Gary Burtless, one of the authors of the study.
The growing chasm is alarming policy makers, and has surfaced in the presidential campaign. During a Democratic debate, Senator Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton expressed concern over shortening life spans for some Americans. “This may be the next frontier of the inequality discussion,” said Peter Orszag, a former Obama administration official now at Citigroup, who was among the first to highlight the pattern. The causes are still being investigated, but public health researchers say that deep declines in smoking among the affluent and educated may partly explain the difference.
Overall, according to the Brookings study, life expectancy for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners improved by just 3 percent for men born in 1950 compared with those born in 1920. For the top 10 percent, though, it jumped by about 28 percent. (The researchers used a common measure – life expectancy at age 50 – and included data from 1984 to 2012.)
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Gabarito comentado
Da leitura do primeiro parágrafo depreende-se: a) ricos vivem mais que os pobres; b) apesar de grandes avanços na medicina, na tecnologia e na educação, a diferença de longevidade entre os ricos e pobres tem aumentando dentre os americanos.
Vejamos, então, as alternativas:
Alternativa A.
Realmente, um fato perturbador é introduzido neste primeiro parágrafo, contudo, não se trata do fato de que avanços médicos são inúteis para o povo em geral, conforme sugerido nesta alternativa. O fato perturbador é que, apesar dos avanços na medicina, na tecnologia e na educação, a disparidade entre a longevidade de ricos e pobres aumentou. Notem que esta ideia é introduzida no texto por “a growing body of data shows a more disturbing pattern", isto é, “um conjunto crescente de dados mostra um padrão mais perturbador".
A alternativa A é FALSA.
Alternativa B.
Segundo esta alternativa, a diferença de longevidade tem aumentado em razão dos avanços na tecnologia, na educação e principalmente na medicina. Porém, o conhecimento da preposição “despite", que significa “apesar de", entendemos que, segundo o parágrafo sob análise, a longevidade tem aumentado apesar dos avanços e não por causa deles.
Sendo assim, a alternativa B também é FALSA.
Alternativa C.
Nesta alternativa temos a afirmação de que os desenvolvimentos na medicina, na tecnologia e na educação falharam em preencher a lacuna entre a longevidade de ricos e pobres. Ora, este é o fator perturbador apontado: apesar dos avanços na medicina, na tecnologia e na educação, a diferença de longevidade entre os ricos e pobres tem aumentando.
A alternativa C é VERDADEIRA.
Alternativa D.
Diz a alternativa D que pessoas ricas não necessariamente vivem mais, conforme reportado em estudo recente. Contudo, essa afirmativa é desacreditada pela primeira frase do texto que esclarece que o fato de que ricos vivem mais do que os pobres é sabido por especialistas há muito tempo.
A alternativa D é, portanto, FALSA.
Alternativa E.
Segundo a alternativa E, a medicina baseada em avanços tecnológicos normalmente é aplicada primeiro em pessoas pobres. Tal afirmativa não encontra respaldo neste primeiro parágrafo. Como vimos, as ideias retratadas no primeiro parágrafo são: a) ricos vivem mais que os pobres; b) apesar de avanços na medicina, na tecnologia e na educação, a diferença de longevidade entre os ricos e pobres tem aumentando.
A alternativa E é FALSA.
RESPOSTA: C
