Com referência ao texto, pode-se concluir que a única opção correta relacionada ao tema é:
When stars disappear…
One of the negative effects of industrialization on human activity and the environment is the production
of excessive light. Most people do not consider the surplus of artificial light as a form of pollution
because it is not permanent; all we must do is collectively turn out our lights to make it disappear. In
reality, however, such a solution is unrealistic because our society needs artificial light to function. Light
pollution is mainly caused by lighting systems that are misdirected, excessive, inefficient or
unnecessary. The negative effects of light pollution on human activity are numerous. From an
economic point of view, for example, the use of excessive lighting or unnecessary lighting constitutes a
waste of energy that is costly to both the individual and to industries. On a larger scale, excessive
lighting can have an impact on global climate change if the required electricity was generated by
burning fossil fuels. Wildlife and plants are also affected. For example, nighttime lighting can confuse
animals that migrate (like migratory birds), can modify predator-prey relationships, and can even alter
competitiveness within the same species.
It is even possible for entire ecosystems to be affected. In lakes, for example, zooplankton may stop
feeding on algae if nighttime lighting is too strong. The result is excessive algae growth that eventually decomposes and causes an increase in bacterial activity. This leads to oxygen depletion in the lake,
and many species of invertebrates and fish then die by asphyxiation. In astronomy, light pollution is a
real and pressing problem. It diminishes the contrast between the dark sky and celestial sources of
light, which makes it harder to see the stars. For professional astronomers, artificial light is undesirable
because it interferes with the collection of data. This is why new observatories are built in isolated
regions.
Programs to reduce light pollution have been started up by several astronomical centres across
Canada, including ASTROLab and the Mont-Mégantic Observatory, the David Dunlap Observatory in
Toronto. A number of amateur astronomy associations are also involved in protecting our endangered
legacy, the starry night sky. The focus of light pollution abatement programs is to change the habits of
the general population, companies and urban planners so that less artificial light will be wasted or
misdirected.Source: http://astro-canada.ca/_en/a3800.html
One of the negative effects of industrialization on human activity and the environment is the production of excessive light. Most people do not consider the surplus of artificial light as a form of pollution because it is not permanent; all we must do is collectively turn out our lights to make it disappear. In reality, however, such a solution is unrealistic because our society needs artificial light to function. Light pollution is mainly caused by lighting systems that are misdirected, excessive, inefficient or unnecessary. The negative effects of light pollution on human activity are numerous. From an economic point of view, for example, the use of excessive lighting or unnecessary lighting constitutes a waste of energy that is costly to both the individual and to industries. On a larger scale, excessive lighting can have an impact on global climate change if the required electricity was generated by burning fossil fuels. Wildlife and plants are also affected. For example, nighttime lighting can confuse animals that migrate (like migratory birds), can modify predator-prey relationships, and can even alter competitiveness within the same species.
Gabarito comentado
Alternativa correta: D
Tema central: o texto trata da poluição luminosa — suas causas, impactos (econômicos, ecológicos e científicos) e ações de mitigação. Para responder, é crucial identificar palavras-chave como "mainly caused" e exemplos concretos presentes no texto.
Resumo teórico rápido: poluição luminosa ocorre quando luz artificial é mal direcionada, excessiva ou desnecessária; causa desperdício de energia, afeta fauna, flora e impede observações astronômicas. Conceitos e evidências são discutidos por organizações como a International Dark-Sky Association e por estudos científicos (ex.: Gaston et al., 2015) sobre impactos ecológicos.
Justificativa da alternativa D: o texto afirma explicitamente que "Light pollution is mainly caused by lighting systems that are misdirected, excessive, inefficient or unnecessary." A alternativa D reproduz essa ideia de forma fiel e direta, portanto é a única totalmente compatível com a informação do texto.
Análise das alternativas incorretas:
A: afirma que é fácil resolver apenas apagando as luzes; o texto refuta isso dizendo que essa solução é irrealista porque a sociedade precisa de iluminação — logo, A simplifica demais e contraria o argumento central.
B: sugere que bastaria ação governamental enérgica; o texto enfatiza mudança de hábitos de população, empresas e urbanistas (programas de abatimento), não apenas medidas coercitivas. B extrapola e reduz o problema a uma solução única.
C: diz ser problema maior em países desenvolvidos como o Canadá. O texto cita centros canadenses como exemplos de programas, mas não afirma que o problema é exclusivo ou maior nesses países — por isso C generaliza indevidamente.
E: sustenta que a poluição luminosa raramente está relacionada a grandes centros urbanos; o texto, ao contrário, indica forte relação com iluminação urbana e fala de observatórios isolados por interferência artificial — E é contraditória.
Estratégias para o concurso: leia as palavras-chave do enunciado (ex.: "mainly caused", "is mainly") e busque alternativas que reflitam exatamente a formulação do texto. Desconfie de opções que introduzam generalizações, soluções simplistas ou juízos não sustentados pelo trecho.
Fontes citadas (exemplos recomendados): International Dark-Sky Association; Gaston, K. J. et al., "The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution" (2015).
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