Segundo o texto, um dos objetivos do relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde é
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The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs. Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Leia o texto para responder a questão.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs. Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
Gabarito comentado
Tema central: A questão avalia sua capacidade de interpretação de texto em inglês, exigindo que você compreenda qual é o propósito principal do relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) descrito no artigo “The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance”.
Explicação Didática: O foco do texto é alertar para o crescimento da resistência bacteriana a antibióticos e mostrar que a OMS, após seu primeiro levantamento global, identificou a necessidade de ações globais coordenadas para monitorar e combater esse problema. O método recomendando para ler textos assim em provas é a busca por palavras-chave que indiquem objetivo, como “intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.”
Justificativa para a alternativa correta (D):
A alternativa D está correta porque está alinhada ao objetivo explícito do relatório, que é “iniciar uma campanha mundial para desenvolver metodologias para acompanhar a resistência às drogas”. O texto evidencia a intenção da OMS de padronizar métodos e criar ferramentas globais para o monitoramento e combate à resistência antimicrobiana, estabelecendo isso como meta prioritária.
Análise das alternativas incorretas:
A) Propõe “fazer um levantamento inicial dos principais micro-organismos”, mas o relatório vai além de identificar agentes: ele busca ações coordenadas e mecanismos de acompanhamento.
B) Menciona “evitar a contaminação de pessoas saudáveis por drogas ineficientes”, desviando do foco principal, que é a resistência bacteriana e não o uso ineficaz direto de medicamentos.
C) Afirma “identificar países sem dados fidedignos”. Realmente o texto fala da incompletude dos dados, mas esse não é o objetivo do relatório, e sim uma dificuldade encontrada.
E) “Fornecer subsídios à indústria farmacêutica” é mencionado como recomendação para incentivar pesquisa, mas não como objetivo principal do relatório.
Estratégias de interpretação para a prova: Procure sempre os objetivos explícitos em textos oficiais (termos como “intended to”, “aims”, “goal”, “main purpose”). Cuidado com distrações: propostas que aparecem no texto mas não são o foco central, informações secundárias ou exemplos apenas ilustrativos.
Ao treinar com essa abordagem, você ficará mais confiante para identificar ideias principais e objetivos de relatórios ou documentos oficiais, frequentemente cobrados em concursos.
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