The infinitive form of spent, is:
Opportunity Cost
This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity
cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and
a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These
costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars
out-of-pocket.
This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin
Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations
management. To make the point, however, we must
make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is
the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says
simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then
it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every
time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B
does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough
logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.
One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved
is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of
that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying
Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A
penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny
sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity
cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion
to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.
SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Opportunity Cost
This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.
This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.
One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.
SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Gabarito comentado
Resposta correta: E - spend
Tema central: identificação da forma verbal básica (infinitivo/base form) em inglês. Questões de concurso frequentemente pedem reconhecimento entre formas como base, passado, particípio passado, gerúndio e 3ª pessoa do singular.
Resumo teórico: - A base form ou infinitivo sem "to" é spend (ou full infinitive "to spend"). - O past simple e o past participle são spent. - O gerúndio/present participle é spending. (Fontes: Cambridge Dictionary; Oxford Learner's.)
Justificativa da alternativa E: a questão pede a infinitive form de "spent". A forma infinitiva (base) é spend (ou "to spend"). Logo, E é correta.
Análise das alternativas incorretas:
A - spents: inexistente em inglês; não há plural ou forma verbal regular *spents*.
B - spends: 3ª pessoa do singular do presente ("he/she spends"), não é infinitivo.
C - spending: gerúndio / present participle ("spending money"), também não é infinitivo.
D - spented: forma errônea; passado já é "spent" (invariável).
Estratégia prática para provas: identifique se o enunciado pede base/infinitive, past, participle ou gerund. Reconheça padrões de verbos irregulares (ex.: spend → spent → spent) e descarte formas que conflitam com esses padrões.
Exemplos rápidos: - Infinitive: "to spend money." - Past: "He spent all his savings." - Gerund: "Spending less is wise."
Referências: Cambridge Dictionary; Oxford Learner's Dictionaries — consulta recomendada para verbos irregulares.
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