Analyze the sentences according to structure and
grammar use.
1. The word ‘himself’ underlined in the text, is
being used in the sentence as a reflexive
pronoun.2. The negative form of: ‘This phenomenon
goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,...’, is:
‘This phenomenon doesn’t go by the name of
‘opportunity cost,…’
3. The words in bold in the text are examples of
irregular verbs. 4. The word ‘however’ in: ‘To make the point,
however, we must make a brief excursion into
logic.’ is being used as a contrastive connector
Choose the alternative which presents the correct
ones:
Opportunity Cost
This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity
cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and
a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These
costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars
out-of-pocket.
This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin
Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations
management. To make the point, however, we must
make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is
the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says
simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then
it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every
time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B
does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough
logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.
One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved
is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of
that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying
Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A
penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny
sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity
cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion
to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.
SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Opportunity Cost
This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.
This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.
One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.
SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Gabarito comentado
Gabarito: E — Apenas 1, 2 e 4 estão corretas.
Tema central: conectores e categorias gramaticais que mostram função (pronome, negação, tipos de verbo, conectores). Para resolver, é preciso distinguir forma (palavra) de função (como ela atua na frase).
Resumo teórico rápido:
- Pronomes reflexivos/intensivos: formas como “himself” são reflexive pronouns em termos morfológicos, mas podem ter uso reflexivo (ele faz algo a si mesmo) ou uso enfático/intensivo (ressaltar sujeito). Gramáticas como Cambridge Grammar distinguem as duas funções.
- Negação no Present Simple (3ª pessoa): usa “does not / doesn't” + base verb (do/esquece de usar -s). Ex.: “This phenomenon doesn’t go by…” é a forma negativa correta.
- Verbos irregulares x modais/verbos regulares: nem toda palavra verbal em destaque é irregular. Modais (must, can) não se comportam como verbos regulares/irregulares; verbos regulares formam o passado com -ed.
- ‘However’ como conector: é um conectivo adversativo/contrastivo (conjunctive adverb) quando aparece em posição medial com vírgulas: “To make the point, however, we must…”
Justificativa da alternativa E:
1 — CORRETA: “himself” é, morfologicamente, um pronome reflexivo; no contexto atua como intensive (enfático), que é uma função dos pronomes reflexivos. (Ver Cambridge Grammar).
2 — CORRETA: a negativa do Present Simple para “this phenomenon” (3ª pessoa) é “doesn’t go…”, logo a afirmação dada está certa.
3 — INCORRETA: as palavras em negrito incluem modais (must, can) e verbos que não são necessariamente irregulares; modais não entram na categoria “irregular verbs” e alguns destacados são regulares ou têm outra função.
4 — CORRETA: “however” aí funciona como conector contrastivo/transicional entre orações; está em posição medial e justifica vírgulas.
Dicas para provas: identifique a função sintática (posição, pontuação, verbo modal vs lexical), e lembre-se: forma ≠ função (mesma palavra pode ter usos diferentes).
Fontes úteis: Cambridge Grammar of the English Language; Oxford Learner’s Dictionary; Practical English Usage (M. Swan).
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