Among the factors that make transformational
leadership effective, the text mentions
TEXT
Hundreds of studies have assessed leadership
styles, mainly by having employees report on how
their managers typically behave. Researchers have
also collected information on how effective
managers are. After large numbers of such studies
became available, reviewers aggregated them
quantitatively to discover what kinds of leadership
are effective.
One conclusion that has emerged based on
the research of the past 30 years is that a hybrid
style known as transformational leadership is highly
effective in most contemporary organizational
contexts.
A transformational leader acts as an
inspirational role model, motivates others to go
beyond the confines of their job descriptions,
encourages creativity and innovation, fosters good
human relationships, and develops the skills of
followers. This type of leadership is effective
because it fosters strong interpersonal bonds based
on a leader’s charisma and consideration of others.
These bonds enable leaders to promote high-quality
performance by encouraging workers rather than
threatening them, thus motivating them to exceed
basic expectations.
By bringing out the best in others,
transformational leaders enhance the performance
of groups and organizations.
Transformational leadership is androgynous
because it incorporates culturally masculine and
feminine behaviors. This androgynous mixing of the
masculine and feminine means that skill in this
contemporary way of leading does not necessarily
come naturally. It may require some effort and
thought.
Men often have to work on their social skills
and women on being assertive enough to inspire
others. It is nonetheless clear that both women and
men can adapt to the demands of leadership in the
transformational mode.
One of the surprises of research on
transformational leadership is that female managers
are somewhat more transformational than male
managers. In particular, they exceed men in their
attention to human relationships. Also, in delivering
incentives, women lean toward a more positive,
reward-based approach and men toward a more
negative and less effective, threat-based approach.
In these respects, women appear to be better
leaders than men, despite the double standard that
can close women out of these roles.
Why are women leaders more
transformational when they are less likely to become
leaders in the first place? One reason is that the
double standard that slows women’s rise would work
against mediocre women while allowing mediocre
men to rise. As a consequence, the women who
attain leadership roles really are better than the
men on average.
It is also true women generally avoid more
domineering, “command and control” behavior
because of the backlash they receive if they lead in
this way. Men can often get away with autocratic
behavior that is roundly disliked in women.
Ironically, this backlash against domineering women
may foster good leadership because the
androgynous middle ground is more likely to bring
success. Leaders gain less from ordering others
about than from forming teams of smart, motivated
collaborators who together figure out how to solve
problems and get work done.
From: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2013/03/20
TEXT
Hundreds of studies have assessed leadership styles, mainly by having employees report on how their managers typically behave. Researchers have also collected information on how effective managers are. After large numbers of such studies became available, reviewers aggregated them quantitatively to discover what kinds of leadership are effective.
One conclusion that has emerged based on the research of the past 30 years is that a hybrid style known as transformational leadership is highly effective in most contemporary organizational contexts.
A transformational leader acts as an inspirational role model, motivates others to go beyond the confines of their job descriptions, encourages creativity and innovation, fosters good human relationships, and develops the skills of followers. This type of leadership is effective because it fosters strong interpersonal bonds based on a leader’s charisma and consideration of others. These bonds enable leaders to promote high-quality performance by encouraging workers rather than threatening them, thus motivating them to exceed basic expectations.
By bringing out the best in others, transformational leaders enhance the performance of groups and organizations.
Transformational leadership is androgynous because it incorporates culturally masculine and feminine behaviors. This androgynous mixing of the masculine and feminine means that skill in this contemporary way of leading does not necessarily come naturally. It may require some effort and thought.
Men often have to work on their social skills and women on being assertive enough to inspire others. It is nonetheless clear that both women and men can adapt to the demands of leadership in the transformational mode.
One of the surprises of research on transformational leadership is that female managers are somewhat more transformational than male managers. In particular, they exceed men in their attention to human relationships. Also, in delivering incentives, women lean toward a more positive, reward-based approach and men toward a more negative and less effective, threat-based approach. In these respects, women appear to be better leaders than men, despite the double standard that can close women out of these roles.
Why are women leaders more transformational when they are less likely to become leaders in the first place? One reason is that the double standard that slows women’s rise would work against mediocre women while allowing mediocre men to rise. As a consequence, the women who attain leadership roles really are better than the men on average.
It is also true women generally avoid more domineering, “command and control” behavior because of the backlash they receive if they lead in this way. Men can often get away with autocratic behavior that is roundly disliked in women. Ironically, this backlash against domineering women may foster good leadership because the androgynous middle ground is more likely to bring success. Leaders gain less from ordering others about than from forming teams of smart, motivated collaborators who together figure out how to solve problems and get work done.
From: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2013/03/20
Gabarito comentado
Gabarito: B
Fundamento decisivo: O critério decisivo é a correspondência semântica direta com o trecho que explica a eficácia da liderança transformacional: “This type of leadership is effective because it fosters strong interpersonal bonds based on a leader’s charisma and consideration of others... by encouraging workers rather than threatening them, thus motivating them to exceed basic expectations.” Como a pergunta pede um fator mencionado no texto, a alternativa correta é a que recupera vínculos interpessoais, consideração pelos outros e motivação positiva, o que conduz à letra B.
- Quando a pergunta pedir um fator mencionado no texto, localize o trecho causal explícito, especialmente construções como “is effective because”.
- Elimine alternativas que tratem de tema presente no texto, mas fora do ponto perguntado, como ocorre aqui com a discussão sobre gênero.
- Dê prioridade à equivalência semântica fiel, mesmo sem repetição literal das palavras do texto, como em “consideration of others” e a ideia de respeito/conexão com pessoas.
- Se o texto opõe dois mecanismos, use essa oposição para excluir distratores: aqui, encouraging workers exclui threatening, coercive behavior e command and control.
